DOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.01
Authors: Aleksander Chudy , Paweł Mazurek , Korneliusz Pawlak
Abstract: The study evaluated power quality parameters in two residential blocks, a single-family house and an industrial facility. Compliance was satisfactory, although occasional exceedances of harmonics in the residential areas and short-term exceedances of THDV and long-term flicker factor of the industrial facility underscore the need for continuous monitoring and potential mitigation strategies.
Keywords: power quality, residential power supply, power distribution for industry, harmonic distortion
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.02
Authors: Janusz Baran , Andrzej Jąderko
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a simulation study of the control system for the speed, torque and electric power of a generator and the angle of attack of the rotor blades of a wind turbine with a VSVP (variable speed, variable blade angle) turbine in the range of high wind speeds. For systems described locally by a linear variable model (LPV), fault-tolerant control is proposed. The nonlinear form of the model is linearized at discrete points of system operation (wind speeds).
Keywords: wind turbine, variable blade angle of attack, variable parameter model
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.03
Authors: Monika Nojszewska , Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk
Abstract: This paper presents the use of convolutional neural networks for Parkinson's disease diagnosis based on writing samples. A method is presented for improving the results of binary classification in the diagnosis of the disease by using a series of images presenting single sentences derived from the writing of their sequence.
Keywords: Convolutional neural networks, neural networks, Parkinson's disease, diagnosis, handwriting
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.04
Authors: Michał Styła , Dominik Gnaś , Przemysław Adamkiewicz
Abstract: The project consisted of using electromagnetic waves in the 5.8 GHz band and radio tomography technology to detect occupants using reflective methods. Activities included the creation of a concept for the hardware layer, the structure and hierarchy of the data transfer network, as well as a method for processing the acquired waveforms into useful information. An additional advantage was to be the combination of analysis of signatures obtained by reflection with transmission tomography at 2.4 GHz
Keywords: Radiolocation techniques; radio tomography; in-building navigation; equipment-free localization.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.05
Authors: Akinsunmade Akinniyi
Abstract: This study highlights the possibility of assessing soil physical properties using geophysical and hyperspectral imaging techniques as a lever of conventional soil survey approaches, which are characterized by certain pitfalls. Randomly selected agricultural land, where the in situ nature of the soil is still preserved, was used to acquire field data. This was preceded by numerical modeling of the soil's response to one of the adopted survey methods in order to determine possible survey depth and field data acquisition parameters. The results of the field data analysis made it possible to determine the underground levels of the soil at the test sites, which at the same time allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of some physical properties such as porosity, bulk density and some state variables such as volumetric water content and soil compactness.
Keywords: Soil, physical properties, geophysical and hyperspectral data
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.06
Authors: Paulina Baluszynska , Marcin Tomasik
Abstract: Neuromuscular electrostimulation (EMS) is a modern method of muscle rehabilitation in animals. The aim of the study was to develop a prototype design for a home electrostimulation device, consisting of a flexible orthopedic band and a remote-controlled electrical pulse generator. The project envisions using the brace for animals of different species and sizes, such as cats and horses, with the possibility of fine-tuning the stimulation parameters to suit the patient's needs. An ESP32 microcontroller with a Bluetooth module enables real-time monitoring of therapy, and future plans include the use of artificial intelligence to automatically adjust therapy. The armband provides easy electrode placement and customization through 3D scanning technology, which increases the efficiency and comfort of animal rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injuries.
Keywords: neuromuscular electrostimulation (EMS), animal rehabilitation, electrical impulses, muscle therapy, muscle stimulation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.07
Authors: Boris Borovik , Michal Tagowski , Marek Kęsy
Abstract: Electrodynamic metal forming technology induces changes in properties in the material being formed. The deformation process causes changes in: shape, linear dimensions, material structure and geometric structure of the surface. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the shape errors of the deformed surface. They were based on recorded roundness outlines and selected evaluation parameters such as roundness deviation, radial runout and misalignment deviation.
Keywords: electromagnetic machining, shape errors, roundness outline, radial runout, misalignment
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.08
Authors: Andriy Chaban , Andrzej Szafraniec , Vitaliy Levoniuk , Andrzej Erd , Marek Chmiel
Abstract: In this paper, based on the modified Hamilton-Ostrogradsky principle, a mathematical model of a typical electromagnetic circuit with focused parameters is developed, which uses the concept of mechanical and electrical Lgrange formalism. For this purpose, a non-conservative Lagrangian was developed, which includes the energies of dissipative and non-potential forces in addition to the traditional kinetic and potential energy functions. Electromagnetic circuit equations were obtained in matrix-vector form. Computer simulation results are presented in the form of figures, which are analyzed.
Keywords: mathematical modeling, electromagnetic circuits, transient processes, long line equations
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.09
Authors: Pawel Czaja
Abstract: Residual current circuit breakers (RCDs), are devices that can provide very good protection against electric shock, but can also cause unnecessary power outages in protected circuits. The article describes the effect of load currents flowing through the primary windings of the summing transformer on the generated signal in the secondary circuit, directly connected to the solenoid trip.
Keywords: residual current circuit breaker, summing transformer, load currents, supplementary protection
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.10
Authors: Tomasz Dróżdż
Abstract: Pulsed electric field (PEF) is increasingly being used in research to develop new technologies for the food industry. Among other things, PEF has applications for: assisting extraction processes, drying, freezing and inactivation of harmful microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of pulsed electric field interactions with different parameters on photon emission from rapeseed and sunflower oil. Ultra-weak luminescence appears to be a complementary method for assessing the quality of food products. Photon content, according to various research hypotheses, can be combined with better ordering by such foods of structures and processes in the body, which ultimately translates into higher quality.
Keywords: Pulsed electric field (PEF), ultra-weak luminescence, photon count, food quality.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.11
Authors: Agnieszka Drzymała , Ewa Korzeniewska
Abstract: The paper presents a study of the feasibility of applying modern machine learning methods based on the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm in the detection and classification of fire danger based on the recognition of the image acquired from the camera. The work aims to determine the effectiveness of the algorithm in automating the identification of fire and smoke for the development of effective protection of forest complexes. In the detection process, the YOLOv8 model was used, which proved to be a model for detecting objects with high efficiency in real time. The paper presents the process of preparing image datasets for the construction of the YOLO model.
Keywords: YOLO, fire detection, deep learning, image analysis
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.12
Authors: Andrzej Erd , Tomasz Ciszewski
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to compare the conditions of passenger car homologation tests in terms of range procedures and in relation to electric drive vehicles. The NLDC test is shown as a reference, and then the EPA,WLTP, and CLTC are presented. In addition to comparisons between the procedures, the ranges of actual vehicles measured under different conditions are summarized. The final section shows the differences between vehicle range prediction readings in winter road conditions, and odometer readings.
Keywords: Vehicle test procedure, CO2 emission reduction, homologation range test, energy consumption.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.13
Authors: Bartłomiej Garda , Karol Bednarz
Abstract: This paper presents the results of measurement tests describing the behavior of memristors in three-phase systems. Memristors, as nonlinear elements, exhibit intriguing phenomena in such systems. Various configurations were tested, including triangle, star connections with three and four leads. The collected data were analyzed and presented. FFT frequency analysis was performed, and total harmonic distortion coefficients THD were determined. The obtained measurement results were then modeled using the MMS memristor model and compared with real data.
Keywords: memristor, measurements, memristor element, three-phase systems, nonlinear systems
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.14
Authors: Piotr Łyszczarz , Jarosław Knaga , Krzysztof Nęcka , Stanisław Lis , Miłosz Nicpoń
Abstract: This paper focuses on the analysis of the technical efficiency of using a 20 kWp photovoltaic (PV) installation in a household using a compressor heat pump for heating purposes. As a result of the analysis, using the data from the inverter, the amount of energy produced by the installation in 2020-2021 was compared. In turn, using the data, obtained from the electricity invoice in 2021, the range of the heating period, the average monthly value of electricity consumption for domestic purposes was determined, and the average value of energy consumption by the compressor heat pump in that year was determined. In the main part, using the available data, the self-consumption coefficient of energy from the PV installation, the potential rate of coverage of the installation's own needs, and the rate of use of energy from photovoltaic modules, which can be equated with the energy efficiency of the PV installation, were determined for each month in 2021.
Keywords: photovoltaic module, heat pump, autoconsumption factor, PV energy utilization factor
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.15
Authors: Barbara Stefaniak , Amelia Kosior-Romanowska , Paweł Tchórzewski , Anna Iwanicka-Maciura , Dariusz Wójcik
Abstract: This article analyzes the use of impedance tomography (EIT) in the diagnosis of lung diseases, using the Lung Electrical Tomography System (LETS), which consists of a vest equipped with 32 electrodes and the LETSWEB analysis module. Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) and Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC) classification models were compared. In classifying pathological conditions based on simulated EIT data, the MLP model achieved higher accuracy (87.5%) compared to the GBC model, which achieved 80.5%. The study used the Borut algorithm for feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques, which significantly improved the classification efficiency. The results indicate the great potential of LETS and EIT as non-invasive diagnostic methods in detecting respiratory diseases
Keywords: Impedance tomography; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; acute respiratory distress syndrome; pneumothorax; pneumonia; bronchospasm; pulmonary hypertension
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.16
Authors: Grzegorz Kłosowski , Michał Oleszek , Dariusz Wójcik , Konrad Niderla
Abstract: The aim of the research was to develop a method to improve imaging resolution in industrial electrical tomography. For this purpose, an algorithmic model of a neural network based on LSTM layers was developed, whose features included two input sequences and the use of a self-alerting layer. In the proposed solution, the LSTM network transforming measurements into images uses both voltage measurements, characteristic of electrical impedance tomography, and electrical capacitance measurements. The hybrid approach reduces the underdetermination of the inverse problem, which improves imaging quality. In order to objectively evaluate the proposed solution, the new model was compared with a classical model using only EIT measurements. Four quantitative criteria were applied, in the form of popular indices used as measures of image quality. The results confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach over the classical model.
Keywords: Electrical tomography; machine learning; industrial tomography; LSTM networks
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.17
Authors: Krzysztof Król , Michał Gołąbek
Abstract: The article presents an ultrasonic tomographic device designed for monitoring and optimization of technological processes. The design of the device is characterized by high mobility, ease of integration with monitoring systems and the ability to implement algorithms for quality control of the technological process. This paper presents the key idea of the ultrasonic tomograph, its hardware design and an example of implementation in a technological process under laboratory conditions. In addition, the paper briefly discusses the possibility of applying the optimization method using a feedback control system, and presents possible modes of operation of the tomograph adapted to selected research problems, such as field-of-view reconstruction and object detection
Keywords: ultrasound, tomography, industry
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.18
Authors: Mariusz Mazurek , Marcin Dziadosz , Grzegorz Kłosowski , Dariusz Wójcik , Krzysztof Król
Abstract: The article focuses on the development of an advanced electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for process optimization and control. The authors present an innovative tomographic system that integrates state-of-the-art hardware solutions with advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms, in particular, using multibranch neural networks
Keywords: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), neural networks, image reconstruction, process control
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.19
Authors: Paweł Kiełbasa , Paweł Pysz
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the processed GPR signal matched the compactness characteristics of the soil profile determined by the penetrometer using different signal processing methods. The scope of the study included an area of about 300 hectares where 100 soundings were made with a cone penetrometer and geo-radar measurements were made in 10-meter sections at the sites where the aforementioned soundings were made. Penertometric surveys were performed with an Eijkelkamp penetrologger, while geo-radar surveys were performed with a Horn 2000 MHz shielded antenna with a sampling frequency of 400 KHz and a scanning rate of more than 850 scans/sec. The existing processing capabilities of the GPR signal make it possible to interpret its results with an error of 20% in relation to penetrometric methods recognized as benchmarks
Keywords: geo-radar, soil, electromagnetic wave
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.20
Authors: Anna Miernik , Paweł Kiełbasa , Tomasz Dróżdż , Paweł Pysz , Akinsunmade Akinniyi , Stepan Kovalyshyn
Abstract: In the food industry, ultrasonic technology is widely used for processing, cooling and preserving food products due to its high efficiency. Ultrasound can be used as an alternative method to heat treatment to eliminate microorganisms and enzymes without destroying nutrients in food [1]. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of ultrasonic waves of different amplitudes and pulse durations on the cell growth of selected microorganisms. The scope of the study was to subject selected microbial strains to ultrasonic waves with different values of ultrasonic wave amplitude (2 μm and 10 μm) and pulse duration (5 min, 10 min and 15 min). For each of the above-mentioned interaction combinations, the growth rate represented by the optical density was determined. Subjecting microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to ultrasound interaction affected the cell growth capacity of these microorganisms. Based on the study, it was observed that subjecting Escherichia coli to ultrasound regardless of the magnitude of the wave amplitude and regardless of the exposure time, increased the value of the optical density of this bacterium. Exposure of Staphylococcus aureus to ultrasound with a wave amplitude size of 2 μm and 10 μm, and regardless of exposure time, increased the value of optical density of this bacterium.
Keywords: ultrasound, bacterial growth, gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.21
Authors: Marcjan Nowak , Adrian Barasiński
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of switching losses in power electronic converters with SiC MOSFETs. The effect of switching frequency on heat generation is discussed, as well as methods of reducing losses, such as the use of quenchers, optimization of gate drivers and the use of advanced material technologies (SiC, GaN). Theoretical and practical studies show the benefits of using computer simulations in converter design.
Keywords: simulation model, converter, power loss, SiC MOSFET transistor
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.22
Authors: Andrzej Popenda , Marcjan Nowak
Abstract: Within the framework of this work, a computer simulation of the operation of an electromechanical system consisting of an electric motor coupled to a working machine via a resilient drive shaft was carried out. The simulation studies carried out and the results obtained made it possible to compare the dynamics of the above-mentioned electromechanical system represented by the same model of the electric motor and different models of the working mechanism, consisting of a resilient drive shaft and a load torque transmitter. The following models of the elastic driveshaft were considered in the simulation studies: a distributed-parameter model based on the transmission line equations, and clustered-parameter models, including multi-mass and dual-mass models.
Keywords: Electromechanical systems, resilient drive shafts, BLDC motor, modeling and simulation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.23
Authors: Agnieszka Pril , Leszek Kasprzyk , Anna Hanc , Dariusz Michalak
Abstract: This article describes lithium-ion battery problems that can occur during the operation of electric vehicles. Three types of battery problems are distinguished, and their causes, effects and interactions are described. It is described how batteries are protected against these problems through proper design and implementation of functions in the BMS. The main requirements that batteries in electric vehicles must meet to ensure user safety are also outlined.
Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, battery problems, safety
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.24
Authors: Rafał Przesmycki , Marek Bugaj , Roman Kubacki , Tomasz Piaścik
Abstract: This article presents an antenna which was made on a dielectric substrate and is designed for DVBT2 operation in the UHF band. The developed antenna has a compact structure with dimensions of (198.324 x 111.11 x 1.6) mm. FR4 laminate with electrical permeability of 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm was used as the substrate for the antenna. The article presents an analysis of simulation results and measurements of electrical parameters and radiation characteristics of the designed antenna. The microstrip antenna described in the article is characterized by a low reflection coefficient of -27.19 dB, a high energy gain of 3.22 dBi and an operating bandwidth of 640 MHz (relative operating bandwidth of 103.22 % of the
Keywords: antenna, microstrip antenna, DVB-T2, UHF
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.25
Authors: Jacek Rymaszewski
Abstract: The rapid development of the Internet of Things taking place over the past few years is the result of technological advances, the increase in demand for up-to-date information and the growing fashion for smart solutions. One of the key factors driving IoT progress is the evolution of communications technologies, primarily wireless. Intensive work is underway around the world to develop new connectivity solutions for the IoT. The article presents, most important from the point of view of the Internet of Things, communication standards and protocols.
Keywords: Internet of things, communication standards, communication protocols
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.26
Authors: Marcin Tomasik , Paulina Baluszynska
Abstract: Vision systems are sophisticated sets consisting of image sensors, computer hardware and specialized software algorithms. They process and analyze images from the environment to support control, process automation and product inspection. Typical components of such systems include lighting, lenses, image sensors, vision processing units and communication systems. In the food and agriculture industry, vision systems are increasingly being used to identify fruit, recognizing and classifying it based on characteristics such as color, shape, size and ripeness. The research focused on programming vision systems for strawberry identification using the Python environment and OpenCV libraries. The DF Robot OpenMV Cam H7 inspection camera was used to evaluate the effectiveness of fruit identification and the correctness of determining its coordinates. Calibration and machine learning were performed on a set of fruits with different characteristics. The algorithm was configured to identify pixels with RGB values corresponding to the color red. The tests included machine learning to identify objects, analyzing the effect of light intensity, detecting objects of a certain color, and evaluating the accuracy of reading the fruit's coordinates. The results showed that the system best identified red strawberries because of the high contrast. Adjusting the camera exposure allows preferential detection of more saturated colors.
Keywords: vision system, image processing, programming, process automation, image analysis
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.27
Authors: Krzysztof Tomczewski
Abstract: The article presents the concept of creating a photovoltaic-wind hybrid power plant based on a small photovoltaic power plant. The wind turbine was connected to the input of a photovoltaic inverter, thus reducing investment costs. The system uses a switchable reluctance generator, the output characteristics of which were adapted to work with the input of a photovoltaic inverter, operating according to the MPPT algorithm.
Keywords: photovoltaic-wind power plant, MPPT inverter, switchable reluctance generator, output characteristics
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.28
Authors: Paweł Tomiło , Joanna Michałowska , Jan Laskowski , Jarosław Pytka , Orest Kochan , Ernest Gnapowski
Abstract: The main objective of the publication is to develop an artificial neural network model capable of estimating aircraft altitude based on accelerometer and gyroscope readings. The developed network structure uses LSTM, SE and transform encoder layers. Measurement data for learning, validation and testing of the neural network were obtained from surveys using the developed proprietary measurement system. The developed device was placed on an airplane Hummingbird 150. In order to verify the correctness of the model, the estimated values were compared with the values that were estimated based on the Kalman filter algorithm using the double integration algorithm. The developed artificial neural network model has an overall estimation error of 7.43m, while the error for the Kalman filter was 20.27m. It was shown that the application of the proposed model allows to achieve satisfactory accuracy in estimating the aircraft altitude due to the model's ability to adapt to drift in the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).
Keywords: Artificial neural network, altitude estimation, aircraft, inertial measurement unit
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.29
Authors: Krzysztof Wróbel , Artur Sliwinski
Abstract: The article attempts to optimize the design of a small generator based on a switchable reluctance machine, used in a small domestic wind power plant. The entire structure does not exceed three meters in size, which allows, according to current regulations, to install such a wind turbine directly on a building, without the need for a permit or notification of construction. The study compared the results obtained when optimizing the generator design and the way it is controlled by a genetic algorithm as a result of three different objective functions.
Keywords: design optimization, wind turbine, switchable reluctance machine, SRG, genetic algorithms
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.30
Authors: Serhiy Syrotyuk , Volodymyr Halchak , Vasyl Lopushniak , Serhiy Korobka , Hanna Syrotyuk , Taras Stanytskyy , Kateryna Yankovska , Tomasz Jakubowski , Jan Giełżecki , Boris Boltyanskiy
Abstract: Optimal management of renewable energy generation equipment under conditions of high variability and stochastic nature of energy supply and consumption is difficult to solve with conventional control methods. Management should be based on Fuzzy Logic algorithms, neural networks and genetic algorithms. This direction, due to its simplicity and proximity to biological systems, is widely used in various fields of scientific and industrial activity.
Keywords: renewable energy sources, fuzzy logic controller, solar water heating system, short-term weather forecast, fuzzy logic algorithms
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.31
Authors: Robert Kaznowski , Dariusz Sztafrowski
Abstract: Optimizing the operation of electric vehicle (PEV) charging stations under varying weather conditions and variable energy demand is a key challenge in the development of PEV infrastructure. The paper presents the results of a deep learning (DL) model, which, taking into account various parameters, allows adjusting the resources of charging stations for optimal real-time operation. Experimental tests were carried out on simulation data, taking into account local weather conditions and electric vehicle user behavior.
Keywords: Electric vehicles, photovoltaic power plants, wind farms, energy storage, electric power system, smart charging networks
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.32
Authors: J. Yerushan , S. Jebadurai , Noble Staines , S.R. Subin , V. Ebenezer , Shamila Ebenezer , G. Hemalatha
Abstract: An important area of research is the use of deep learning algorithms to detect and characterize cracks in structures. Cracks in buildings can cause catastrophic structural collapses that threaten human life and property. This problem can be solved by using deep learning algorithms to identify and categorize different forms of cracks very accurately. This study used a dataset of 5,000 images to investigate how image preprocessing affects the performance of deep learning crack detection. The results showed that the CNN model's ability to identify cracks in concrete buildings is not affected by using a pre-trained model with RGB weights. The pre-trained VGG16 and the Keras Python library are used to create the CNN model. The SciKit Image Python package was used to split the original image data set into five comparison sets. The created model scored better than 98% in terms of accuracy and F1 values.
Keywords: Characteristics, cracks, deep learning, CNN, python
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.33
Authors: Valeriy Oborzhytskyy , Stefan Paszek , Anna Piwowar
Abstract: A symmetric-antisymmetric excitation method was considered, which decomposes a quadrupole with a symmetric structure into two separate bipolar half-circuits. Analytical expressions have been written for the input impedances of these half-circuits, which relate them to the parameters of a quadrupole designed on the basis of the bipolar system. The values of the input impedances calculated using these expressions help determine the parameters of the circuit elements that were chosen to implement this device
Keywords: symmetric quadrature, odd-even excitation, input impedance, Z-parameters
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.34
Authors: T Aathmanesan
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed design of a compact dipole antenna for tri-band 5G and WLAN applications in the sub-6 GHz band. The design procedure, divided into three stages, focuses primarily on increasing the impedance bandwidth and gain in all three resonant frequency bands while maintaining small dimensions. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in the 2.45 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands with maximum gains of 3.275 dB, 3.45 dB and 6.25 dB, respectively. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for use in sub-6 GHz 5G and WLAN networks in mobile devices.
Keywords: Balun, dipole antenna, tri-band antenna, WLAN
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.35
Authors: Maciej Gwoździewicz , Piotr Kisielewski
Abstract: The article is about a two-voltage two-speed induction motor. The motor is used in a Polish copper mine where the low-voltage power supply network is being upgraded - the rated voltage of the network is being raised from 500 V to 1,000 V. Two-speed induction motors are commonly used in mines to drive fans. This solution is much cheaper and more reliable compared to inverter-powered induction motors. The ability to reduce the motor speed by 50% is often sufficient. In the case of fan drive, lowering the motor speed by two times reduces the input motor power by about 8 times, so this solution is extremely economical [2, 3, 4]. Two-voltage two-speed induction motors are offered on the market, but they consist of two separate magneto wires and windings. The motor presented in the article has only one magneto coil. The motor rotor has a compact cage made of copper rods. The motor stator has a switchable winding having 21 terminals, which are connected to 3 contactors. The power supply of the presented motor is identical to that of a standard single-voltage two-speed motor with a stator winding in a Dahlander arrangement.
Keywords: induction motor, two-voltage motor, two-speed motor
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.36
Authors: Piotr Strobejko , Piotr Paplicki , Maciej Cieśla
Abstract: The paper presents selected simulation results of an electromagnetic magnetic field concentrator dedicated to process chambers. On the basis of the results of 2D/3D field tests, it was shown that the presented: the concept of the magnetoid construction, the method of winding and current control, produces inside the device a constant or time-varying magnetic field with any directionality and a preset pulsation. The presented field concentrator can find application in devices realizing chemical, biological, thermal and measurement processes, among others.
Keywords: process chamber, electromagnetic excitation, magnetic field concentrator
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.37
Authors: Mateusz Glinkowski , Bogdan Paszkiewicz , Regina Paszkiewicz
Abstract: Current leakage through the buffer layer in AlGaN/GaN-type HEMT transistors is an important factor in the fabrication of semiconductor elements based on AIIIN materials with set parameters. This paper analyzes current flow and potential distribution in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with two conducting channels and a buffer layer. The presence of a second conducting channel has a significant effect on current flow, especially in the case of unintentional doping of semi-insulating GaN buffer layers or in the presence of a strong electric field.
Keywords: Buffer layer, AlGaN/GaN, HEMT, leakage current
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.38
Authors: Gabriela Lewinska , Katarzyna Ungeheuer , Konstanty Marszalek
Abstract: The article presents a study of copper oxide (CuO) layers used as a booster layer in binary and ternary organic solar cells to determine its effect on performance and efficiency. The CuO layers were deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, resulting in a 23-nm-thick layer. The cells were fabricated and tested, and their parameters were determined.
Keywords: organic cells, copper oxide, photovoltaics, thin films, copper (II) oxide
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.39
Authors: Janusz Rybak , Konstanty Marszalek
Abstract: The study evaluated the effects of cosmic radiation on the components of a thin-film electrochromic system. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, the thickness and optical properties of five layers were characterized before and after exposure to cosmic radiation. The analysis revealed minimal changes in thickness uniformity and optical parameters such as refractive index and extinction. Transmittance measurements in the full range of the visible spectrum showed minor differences within the limits of measurement error. The results suggest a limited effect of space radiation on the stability and performance of electrochromic components in space environments.
Keywords: electrochromism, cosmic rays, magnetron sputtering, optical properties
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.40
Authors: Catherine Ungeheuer , Amelia Bocirnea , Denis Pikulski , Konstantin Marshal , Aurelian Galca , Julius Chojenka , Kalman Vad
Abstract: Copper oxide CuO is a semiconducting material that finds applications in photovoltaics, sensors or photocatalysis. In this work, the effect of proton radiation on thin films of this oxide was studied to simulate conditions in space. Irradiation did not significantly affect the structural and optical properties of the material. The surface resistance of the layers and the amount of impurities on the surface increased, and its uniformity changed.
Keywords: Copper oxide, space conditions, proton radiation, thin films
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.41
Authors: Kheira Melouk , Mohamed Della-Krachai , Saida Della-Krachai
Abstract: This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) technique applied to a DC-DC boost converter fed from a photovoltaic (PV) generator. The goal of the control is to provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using neural networks and achieve a stable output voltage under varying environmental conditions. Photovoltaic systems are highly dependent on solar irradiance and temperature, which affect their output characteristics. The proposed method uses predictive control algorithms to predict the system's behavior and adjust the converter's duty cycle in real time, thus improving overall system performance and response time compared to conventional control methods. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in terms of response time, voltage regulation and robustness to environmental changes.
Keywords: Model predictive control, DC/DC boost converter, maximum power point tracking, artificial neural networks
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.42
Authors: Marta Czarnowska , Przemyslaw Stencel
Abstract: The paper discusses electromagnetic pulse immunity testing. An overview of the standards indicating the specific range of devices to be tested is presented. The construction of the test stand is discussed and the test procedure is described. The effects of the NEMP (Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse) on both civilian and military equipment are outlined. Methods of counteracting the pulsed electromagnetic field are presented.
Keywords: susceptibility to electromagnetic pulse, high power electromagnetic pulse, Marx technology, radiation line
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.43
Authors: Olena Hebda , Damian Kaliszuk , Maciej Macko
Abstract: Discoveries in medicine about the effects of light on human physiology have inspired the development of the Human Centric Lighting (HCL) approach. This approach leads to the design of increasingly complex systems used in lighting, which increases the risk of inadequate preparation of the facility for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. This article addresses radiated emission testing of such lighting.
Keywords: electromagnetic compatibility, anthropocentric lighting, lighting fixture, LED
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.44
Authors: Rafał Przesmycki , Marek Bugaj
Abstract: Radio communication systems have been steered toward the fifth generation (5G) due to the requirements of compact, high-speed and broadband systems. Such radio communication systems require new and more efficient antenna designs. This paper presents a process for measuring the electrical parameters of materials used for the substrate of textronic antennas operating in the planned bands of 5G systems, and presents measurement results for several selected materials that can be used to realize textronic antennas.
Keywords: Textronic antenna, 5G system, electrical permeability, electrical parameters
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.45
Authors: Rafał Przesmycki , Roksana Waszkiewicz-Brakoniecka
Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of the feasibility of using different measurement antennas in a test stand for generating an electric field of 50 V/m and 100 V/m in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 10 GHz based on the requirements of the NO-06-A500 defense standard and in a test stand for measuring the uniformity of the electric field in a reflection-free chamber. It also presents a detailed description of the test stand for generating an electric field of 50 V/m and 100 V/m, and a detailed description of the test stand for determining the uniformity of the field in a selected plane of the reflection-free chamber based on measurements using a 5-point measurement grid used for small-sized devices. Thanks to the measurements carried out on the compiled test stands and the analysis of the obtained results of the generated electric field using the selected three transmitting antennas, the power amplifier amplification requirement, which is necessary to obtain the assumed electric field strength, is shown
Keywords: Electromagnetic compatibility, electric field strength, 50 V/m, 100 V/m, equipment immunity
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.46
Authors: Szymon Wróbel , Krzysztof Kępa
Abstract: Side channel I fault injection attacks using electromagnetic/laser pulse, or power supply faults, are a major concern in the context of embedded systems, IoT devices and cloud security. Software-implemented Hardware-Fault Tolerance (SIHFT) countermeasures are a major approach to hardening systems built with commercial components where hardware modification is not possible. The research presented in this article focuses on an open-source language solution used at compile time. The prototype implementation is based on the LLVM modular compiler design and demonstrates the use of the compiler for the Rust language, which allows the use of other compiler features such as optimization runs and support for multiple target platforms. The test results are publicly available in a GitHub repository.
Keywords: compilation, error injection, language remedies, LLVM, RISC-V, Rust
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.47
Authors: Mykhaylo Zagirnyak , Serhii Pritchin , Iryna Oksanych , Nataly Rylova , Oleksii Prytchyn , Alyona Nikitina
Abstract: The problem of developing a PEMF therapy device with an inductor whose parameters allow for an improved magnetic field configuration is considered. The parameters of the inductor providing the required intensity of the pulsed magnetic field and its distribution pattern are determined by modeling. Clinical tests of the PEMF therapy device have been carried out. They confirm the decisions made.
Keywords: PEMF therapy, inducer, clinical application
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.48
Authors: Bogdan Perka , Bartłomiej Pyza
Abstract: This paper presents the results of temperature stability tests of exemplary high-voltage capacitors with different design geometries. The study included measurement of leakage current, electrical capacitance and loss factor at different temperatures of capacitor bodies and at different supply voltages.
Keywords: temperature, capacitor, high voltage, electrical capacitance, electrical loss factor
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.49
Authors: Ewelina Majda-Zdancewicz , Wiktor Pierzak
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to detect the condition of the electric machine. First of all, a laboratory station was designed to test acoustic signals. The process included the selection of the electric machine, load system, measuring equipment, recording device and determination of its operating states. The recordings were recorded at the Laboratory of Electrical Machines of the Institute of Electronic Systems of the Faculty of Electronics of the Military University of Technology using a SZUAa54a induction motor. The process of feature extraction included the generation of spectral descriptors. The decision tree method and nearest neighbor method were used as the classification algorithm. The proposed method yields an efficiency of 95.53%.
Keywords: Diagnostics, acoustic signal, feature extraction, machine condition detection
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.50
Authors: Radosław Jastrzębski , Krzysztof Chwastek
Abstract: The article focuses on modifying the equations of the GRUCAD hysteresis model. The modification consists in replacing the Langevin function with a more general Brillouin function in 3 variants. First case: only irreversibility is given by the Brillouin function; second case: irreversible and reversible equations are given by the Brillouin function; and third case: like the second case, but the two parts use completely separate parameters. The proposed approach allows better fitting of anisotropic soft magnetic materials, as shown by the example of hysteresis curves of grain-oriented electrical steel.
Keywords: Qualitative analysis, modeling, hysteresis loops, oriented grain steel, non-oriented grain steel
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.51
Authors: Jerzy Tchórzewski
Abstract: A neuronal model for forecasting 24-hour daily demand for electrical power in the NPS in advance is presented. Real data with a structure of 48 inputs and 24 outputs were used. The results obtained were subjected to simulation and forecasting tests, as well as to comparative tests in relation to the results obtained from other types of models.
Keywords: National electric power system, MATLAB and Simulink, artificial neural network, electric power demand
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.52
Authors: Marta Bątkiewicz-Pantuła
Abstract: Converter devices, i.e. the prevalent computer power supplies in buildings, as well as LED light sources, which have displaced traditional incandescent bulbs due to their widespread use and characteristics, are the most common cause of poor power quality. The construction of the devices is based on semiconductor elements such as, thyristors, diodes, etc. whose task is to adjust the network parameters to such that the devices work properly, that is, to convert AC voltage to DC voltage and reduce its value, in order to supply power correctly. The share of consumers in the total balance of installed power at a single customer has increased to the level that phenomena such as higher harmonics have appeared in the supply voltage. The article presents an assessment of power quality parameters obtained from consumers. The assessment was based on the Decree of the Minister of Economy of. May 4, 2007. On the detailed conditions of operation of the power system and the standard PN-EN 50160: 2010 - Supply voltage parameters in public power networks . The analysis was carried out on the example of actual measurements of power quality parameters. The evaluation of power quality parameters was carried out on the basis of the analyses discussed.
Keywords: Power quality, harmonics, negative impact on the grid
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.53
Authors: Mariusz Zdanowski , Jan Klain
Abstract: The article presents the stages of development (design, construction) of a laboratory station intended for use in the teaching process conducted at the Department of Industrial Electronics (ZEP) of the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ISiEP) of Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). The paper also includes the results of tests carried out on the developed prototype device, presenting both correct operation in lowering or increasing voltage mode, as well as the analysis of dynamic and emergency states, which is illustrated by the results obtained experimentally. The laboratory test results included in the paper take into account a number of cases and variables resulting from the change of parameters in the control system and the main circuit of the DC-DC converter.
Keywords: direct DC-DC converter, multi-branch converter, bidirectional converter, teaching station, converter design
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.54
Authors: Aleksandra Kucharczyk-Drab , Radosław Ryniec , Marek Piszczek
Abstract: The article presents the concept of a mobile, low-cost measurement station and a methodology for developing a function that modifies the real-time sky diffuse radiation model, taking into account current atmospheric conditions. The experimental measurement setup was designed to capture both image data and associated metadata. Synthesizing and processing panoramic images from different sources and analyzing them within a common coordinate system demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Keywords: solar radiation, spectral hypercube, image processing, data fusion
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.55
Authors: Abdelghani Chahmi , Said Benkaihoul , Toufik Naas , Ozupak Yildrim
Abstract: In this research endeavor, the focus was on investigating a specific occurrence of a fault in an induction motor, namely an Inter-Twin Short Circuit (ITSC), intentionally induced in the A phase of the motor. The dataset used included both normal operating states and cases affected by the aforementioned faults, with parameters such as current flows and output torque being meticulously recorded and analyzed. Using a methodology based on machine learning, a set of algorithms was applied to recognize and identify the presence of a fault. Among the array of algorithms used, notable competitors were Random Forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), each meticulously trained and tested on a dataset to evaluate their effectiveness in detecting faults. The results obtained in this study clearly indicate the superiority of the Random Forest algorithm in terms of accuracy evaluation, boasting a remarkable accuracy rate of 99.7%. In contrast, both KNN and XGBoost algorithms showed relatively lower accuracy rates of 96.6% and 96.5%, respectively.
Keywords: Error detection, machine learning, accuracy, ITSC error
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.56
Authors: Mikołaj Drozdowicz , Zbigniew Watral , Andrzej Michalski
Abstract: The designed and fabricated demonstrator shows the technical feasibility of reproducing the biomechanics of the hand using uncomplicated technical tools and with a small investment. In the first stage of the project, an anatomical analysis of the human hand without damage or genetic changes was carried out in order to properly select conventional replacements for the anatomical structures present. The resulting data served as the basis for the design and construction of the demonstrator's execution system, which includes a real model of the artificial hand along with an electronic circuit that allows Bluetooth wireless communication and servo control. A control system was then designed to enable control of the artificial hand. This system was designed to be intuitive to use and yet allow all possible combinations of finger movements. For the design of the demonstrator, the manufacturing technique chosen was 3D-FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printing using PLA (Polylactic Acid) material. Such a choice is a compromise between cost, production time and the precision and sophistication of the artificial hand demonstrator. The built demonstrator was tested using a comparative method. In the artificial hand demonstrator, representative functional positions of the human hand were enforced and the quality of the obtained reproduction was evaluated using an organoleptic method.
Keywords: demonstrator, artificial hand, 3D printing, actuator system, control system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.57
Authors: Kornelia Banasik , Andrzej Chojnacki
Abstract: The duration of an outage (restoration) is a basic parameter characterizing the extent of the outage, as well as the quality of the organization of work in its removal. Its knowledge allows to estimate the costs incurred by consumers and electricity distributors. In addition to technical and organizational factors, its value is also affected by atmospheric conditions occurring at the time of repair work. The paper presents a statistical analysis of the influence of atmospheric conditions, represented by air temperature, wind speed and daily precipitation totals, on the duration of failure (renewal) of medium-voltage power lines. The method of econometric modeling was used for this purpose.
Keywords: Electric power distribution networks, MV power lines, outages, outage time, wind, precipitation, air temperature
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.58
Authors: Kornelia Banasik , Andrzej Chojnacki
Abstract: The article presents the influence of atmospheric conditions represented by wind, precipitation and air temperature on the intensity of damage to MV power lines. It presents the mechanism of damage to these facilities due to the effects of wind, precipitation and high and low temperatures. A method for modeling the dependence of the intensity of failure of power facilities on the values of various environmental factors is discussed. The results obtained during a long-term study for MV power lines operated in national electricity distribution networks are presented. The method of econometric modeling was used for this purpose.
Keywords: Electric power distribution networks, overhead power lines, cable lines, faults, fault intensity, wind, precipitation, air temperature
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.59
Authors: Michal Szubert , Krzysztof Szybinski
Abstract: This paper proposes the use of an acoustic power amplifier with high output impedance to measure the frequency response of a loudspeaker set for frequency guitar. The proposed solution is dedicated to systems for digital modeling of the sound processing path of an electric guitar, as well as for reducing the volume of a guitar sound system. Attention is drawn to the possibility of using the system to determine the impedance characteristics of a loudspeaker set.
Keywords: electron tubes, digital signal processing, high output impedance power amplifier, loudspeaker system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.60
Authors: Tomasz Drabek , Paweł Dybowski , Jakub Wójcik
Abstract: The article proposes new charging formulas for reactive power consumption and dispensing. They take into account higher-frequency currents associated with the presence of nonlinear loads in the power system. The square of the rms value of reactive currents and higher-frequency currents was adopted as the physical quantity underlying the fee formulas. This quantity represents transmission losses in the power system and the decrease in the network's ability to transmit active energy.
Keywords: Reactive energy consumption charge, reactive energy dispensing charge, non-linear loads, higher frequency currents
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.61
Authors: Krzysztof Habelok , Paweł Lasek , Mariusz Stępień , Kamil Gruszczyk
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the angular dependence of critical current in second-generation YBCO-based high-temperature superconducting HTS tapes. The tests were carried out on three tapes from SuperPower: SCS4050, SCS4050- AP and SCS4050-AP-i, which differed in the pinning centers used, which affected the angular critical current characteristics. The experiments were carried out using a proprietary test rig based on a cylindrical Halbach arrangement that generates a homogeneous magnetic field on the tape surface. The Halbach system is an alternative to traditional electromagnet-based test systems.
Keywords: angular dependence of critical current, high-temperature superconductors, YBCO tapes, Halbach system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.02.62
Authors: Jakub Kisała , Andrzej Kociubiński
Abstract: In the present work, the magnetron sputtering method was used to produce multilayer thin films using chromium, permaloy and copper with different numbers of layers. Resistivity measurements showed that the thickness of the obtained layers depends on the position of the substrates on the rotating base. The obtained values of the magnetoresistance coefficient are higher for structures closer to the center of the base. The scatter in the parameters of the fabricated structures is large within a single series of structures, which poses a challenge when designing structures with layer thicknesses on the order of nanometers.
Keywords: magnetron sputtering, thin films, magnetoresistance, permanent magnetic field
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