DOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.01
Authors: Piotr Rataj, Przemysław Sadłowski, Jerzy Hickiewicz
Abstract: The article describes the year 1929 in the Society of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP), the first year of operation after reorganization in accordance with the new statute. The most important events are described, such as the merger with the Association of Polish Radio Engineers and the Polish Electrotechnical Committee, the First General Assembly of the SEP in Poznan, the SEP's reaction to the so-called "Harriman affair," and the establishment of the General Secretariat in the SEP. This was an important milestone year for the SEP, which enabled it to develop over the next ten years.
Keywords: Association of Polish Electrical Engineers, General Assembly in Poznań, "Harriman's Case"
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.02
Authors: Witold Sygocki
Abstract: The article deals with the publication activity of researchers in engineering sciences visible in database resources (Web of Science CC, Scopus), ORCID, ResearchGate and Google Scholar (Author Profile). Using 15 researchers as an example, the visibility of their publications in various resources was analyzed. Authors of publications have no influence on their indexing in WoS CC, Scopus. Taking care of indexing and maintaining indexing in the databases is the responsibility of the journal editors Visibility of the author's activity requires his action of creating a profile and updating his output data, e.g. in ReserchGate, ORCID, Google Scholar. Nowadays, scientific communication is no longer just the domain of specialists in libraries and scientific information centers. Every scientist should be familiar with the principles and resources for indexing and sharing output information. In addition to examples and analytical results, the article reminds of the necessary measures, including verification of the correctness and completeness of data in the profiles of authors in the indicated resources.
Keywords: science communication, author profile, Web of science, Scopus, ORCID, ResearchGate, Google Scholar
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.03
Authors: Huthaifa Al-issa, Lina Hussienat, Anton Panov, Kateryna Demchenko, Oleksii Piskarov, Oleksandr Miroshnyk, Taras Shchur, Hristo Beloev, Pavel Kielbasa
Abstract: This paper proposes a model of constant voltage deviation control using fuzzy logic for the problem of normalizing voltage quality in the grid. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated based on simulations. The control algorithm based on fuzzy logic is considered as an alternative to the transition from analog control to a digital tap changer control system. The results of the work can be used in the design of substations for introduction into the power system.
Keywords: Distribution network, fuzzy logic control algorithm, electrical engineering, automation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.04
Authors: Adrian Barasinski, Michal Kobierski
Abstract: The thermal imaging camera is becoming an increasingly important tool in the diagnostics of photovoltaic systems, enabling early detection of connector overheating problems. The article outlines the importance and application of this technology for monitoring the health of MC4 connectors and their replacements, which allow the rapid detection of potential abnormalities and contribute to the safe and reliable operation of systems.
Keywords: thermal imaging cameras, photovoltaic installation, MC4 connectors, fire safety
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.05
Authors: Karol Bednarz, Bartłomiej Garda
Abstract: Due to the growing demand for artificial intelligence algorithms and the limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures, there is a need to develop new, more efficient architectures that work in analogy with the functioning of the human brain. In the present study, an attempt was made to map the behavior of a human neuron using memristor-based circuits. The correctness of the proposed solutions was verified using computer simulations.
Keywords: memristor, neuromorphic computing, LIF neuron model
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.06
Authors: Kamila Białek, Jacek Jakubowski, Rafał Białek
Abstract: The article presents an attempt to use a convolutional neural network to recognize people's age group membership based on handwriting images recorded with a graphics tablet. Binary classification was performed between three age groups: younger adults, middle-aged adults and older adults.
Keywords: Convolutional neural networks, neural networks, age recognition, handwriting
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.07
Authors: Michał Styła, Dominik Gnaś, Przemysław Adamkiewicz
Abstract: This dissertation deals with the use of temporal analysis of ultra-wideband signals in a real-time localization system (RTLS). The main focus is on tag hardware solutions and their miniaturization and optimization of power consumption. Also discussed are the algorithms responsible for estimating the user's location, how to manage the acquired data, and the methodology for its transmission and processing. The presented type of location network can find application in all kinds of WMS systems.
Keywords: Ultra-wideband signals; signal timing analysis; in-building localization; WMS systems
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.08
Authors: Andriy Chaban, Andrzej Szafraniec, Vitaliy Levoniuk, Andrzej Lewinski, Marek Chmiel
Abstract: In this paper, starting from the fundamentals of the laws of applied electrical engineering, a mathematical model of a section of the electric power grid is developed, which consists of a power line and a three-phase power transformer. The line is presented, as a resistive-inductive-capacitive element, fed by a source of asymmetric electromotive force system SEM. The power transformer is presented, as a nonlinear element in the form of electromagnetic circuits. Transient states of the system, including the part-phase state, are analyzed using this model.
Keywords: mathematical modeling, power grid, transformer, transient processes, transmission line equations, part-phase condition
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.09
Authors: Joanna Dudała, Karolina Lechowicz, Tomasz Jakubowski, Zygmunt Sobol, Aleksandra Jung
Abstract: There are a number of agrotechnical treatments that affect the course of plant vegetation, and indirectly affect the structure of the yields obtained from these plants. In addition to the commonly used chemical and biological methods, physical methods can also be used to stimulate plant growth and development. An interesting aspect is the hormetic effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on plant growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose distribution in the field of ionizing radiation generated from an X-ray tube. The results of the presented research will be used to plan experiments on irradiating plant objects with a preset dose of X-rays.
Keywords: Ionizing radiation, thermoluminescent detectors, plant irradiation, dose response, hormesis, crop productivity
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.10
Authors: Anna Koziorowska, Natalia Galka, Ewelina Bator, Gabriela Betlej, Maria Romerowicz-Misielak, Robert Krasowski, Marek Koziorowski
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on the expression of heme oxygenase 2 in the retina of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Retinal tissue sections were exposed to an electromagnetic field of 50 Hz for 15 or 30 minutes. The analysis showed that the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field did not affect the viability of retinal cells. It was also shown, a significant decrease in the activity of heme oxygenase 2 in the retinal tissue of roe deer after field exposure. No statistically significant differences in PARP protein expression were observed, indicating the absence of apoptotic changes in the cells.
Keywords: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field; heme oxygenase 2; European roe deer
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.11
Authors: Damian Gzieł, Andrzej Jąderko, Tomasz Pawlikowski
Abstract: This paper presents a simplified way of modeling the core and winding losses of a choke operating in a DC/DC type power electronic converter. An example of implementation of selected models using Matlab-Simulink program is presented. For verification purposes, measurements of the prepared chokes operating in the actual converter were made. A comparison of the simulation results with the results of measurements obtained with the use of specialized measurement apparatus Hioki PW-8001 was analyzed.
Keywords: choke loss modeling, magnetic core loss, winding loss, Matlab-Simulator
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.12
Authors: Andrzej Jąderko, Luiza Rakowska
Abstract: The article presents selected issues of wind flux, on which the energy efficiency of any wind turbine depends. Due to the high instability of wind speed in Poland, the strong-variable (turbulent) wind stream was adopted for analysis. The components of the magnitude of the strong-variable wind speed refer to the average speed of the wind stream and the turbulent component. The methodology for determining the dependence of the relative intensity of turbulence for different average values of wind stream velocity is presented. In addition, for the power spectrum density magnitudes of strong-variable wind adopted as an example, computational results are presented in tabular form.
Keywords: vertical axis wind turbine, wind stream, mathematical model of turbulence
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.13
Authors: Pawel Kielbasa
Abstract: Spectroscopy in soil research is of particular interest because it addresses many of the soil's chemical properties and can become one of the proximity measurement methods, complementing conventional methods, by means of which a field-scale picture of the spatial variability of soil fertility cannot be obtained with adequate resolution. The aim of the research is to qualitatively parameterize soil biologization (microbial life) in such a way that the identification in question can be realized in real time. It was noted that within the mean values of solar radiation, observable variation was identified in the wavelength range from 500 nm to 650 nm, between soils in which the optical density of microorganisms was extremely different, namely 0.5 McF and 1.5 McF. Variation within the soil sample space was also noted, but this did not exceed 25%.
Keywords: spectrophotometer, soil, microorganisms, electromagnetic wave
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.14
Authors: Anna Koziorowska, Patryk Kogut, Gabriela Betlej, Ewelina Bator, Magdalena Koziorowska-Gilun, Robert Krasowski, Bartłomiej Peret, Maria Romerowicz-Misielak
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on the expression of heme oxygenase 1 in the retinal tissues of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 50 Hz electromagnetic field on the retina of roe deer. Special attention was paid to heme oxygenase (HO-1), which plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress. In addition, the expression of the DNA repair protein, XRCC1, was analyzed. Retinal tissues were subjected to 15- or 30-minute exposure to extremely low-frequency 50 Hz electromagnetic fields, while the control group consisted of untreated tissues. Western Blot analysis showed a significant increase in HO-1 expression in both EMF-treated groups compared to controls, while no significant differences were observed for XRCC1 protein expression.
Keywords: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field, heme oxygenase 1, European roe deer
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.15
Authors: Ewa Łada-Tondyra, Adam Jakubas, Ewa Stępień, Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
Abstract: Relatively recently, in the 1980s, a new generation of textiles, combined with smart materials, emerged, leading to the development of textronics. Textronics is widely used in medicine and healthcare. The article presents research and construction work related to the development of a prototype mat with a heating function. Heating is implemented using electroconductive threads, and the use of a knitted spacer as a substrate allows the heating function to operate only under pressure.
Keywords: textonics, heating, electroconductive threads, textiles
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.16
Authors: Marek Lis, Michal Kobierski, Marek Chmiel
Abstract: In this article, the authors study the effect of power supply conditions ( frequency, current magnitude) on the behavior of an executive electromagnet capable of operating as a current sensor. The parameters of the power supply and the types of materials used in the construction of the device affect the losses in the device, and this affects the operating temperature of the entire device. The authors present simulation results in the ANSYS environment.
Keywords: electromagnet, heating, attraction force, sensor
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.17
Authors: Joanna Michalowska, Pawel Tomlova, Orest Kochan
Abstract: The article presents the results of experimental studies of electromagnetic interference emissions emitted by a prototype measuring system of the electric component of the electromagnetic field and its immunity to electromagnetic interference. The experimental tests were carried out in a GTEM 1000 chamber. The results obtained were compared with the EN 55014 standard, which specifies the requirements for electromagnetic compatibility. It was shown that the proposed prototype measurement system meets the requirements of the standard.
Keywords: High-frequency transverse electromagnetic wave (GTEM) chamber, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), measurement system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.18
Authors: Anna Miernik
Abstract: Interactions between ultrasound and microorganisms are complex and not fully understood [1]. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of ultrasonic waves of different amplitudes and pulse durations on the cell geometry of selected microorganisms. The scope of work was to subject Candida krusei to ultrasonic waves with different values of ultrasonic wave amplitude (2 μm, 6 μm and 10 μm) and pulse duration (5 min, 10 min and 15 min). For each of the above-mentioned combinations of interactions, the diameters and areas of yeast cells were measured. The experiments carried out made it possible to determine correlative and functional relationships between stimulation with different ultrasound wave amplitudes and organic matter, and enabled parameterization of ultrasound wave amplitude and pulse duration causing improvement or regression of growth of the microorganisms studied. The increase or decrease in growth capacity and cell size depended on the ultrasonic wave parameters used. The geometry of Candida krusei cells represented by radius length and cell surface area decreased.
Keywords: ultrasound, yeast, Candida yeast
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.19
Authors: Angela Najdoska, Goga Cvetkovski
Abstract: In photovoltaic systems, it has always been a challenge to determine the methodology for calculating the maximum power point (MPM) for a given system, location and weather conditions. Therefore, there are many optimization methods in use, as well as various presentations of photovoltaic cell circuits. In this article, the MPM will be determined using a learning-based optimization algorithm applied to an ideal single diode cell model in the design process of a photovoltaic power plant to size all the equipment used.
Keywords: Maximum power point determination, two-sided photovoltaics, learning and learning-based optimization algorithm
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.20
Authors: Krzysztof Nęcka, Stanisław Lis, Jarosław Knaga, Piotr Łyszczarz, Michał Walancik
Abstract: The purpose of the research performed was to assess the impact of damage to PV panel components on changes in their characteristic operating parameters with respect to the rated data. The study shows that if the structure of photovoltaic modules has not been significantly affected then the damaged panel is characterized by operating parameters close to the rated values. Unfortunately, in the case of degradation of the internal structure of the cells, the changes are already significant. The efficiency of energy conversion decreases by more than 50% and removal of dirt from the solar glass slightly improves the performance.
Keywords: PV panel efficiency, hot-spots, fouling removal, STC conditions
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.21
Authors: Michał Maj, Damian Pliszczuk, Tomasz Cieplak, Łukasz Macura
Abstract: The article describes the application of knowledge distillation in deep learning using multimodal networks to create a smart device. The developed model simultaneously detects a person in an image, classifies his or her emotions, and checks whether he or she is a registered user. Knowledge distillation yielded a smaller model with similar performance that runs in real time on embedded devices. The results show that multimodal techniques and knowledge distillation improve model performance.
Keywords: Knowledge distillation, multimodal networks, emotion detection, embedded systems
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.22
Authors: Marcin Dziadosz , Mariusz Mazurek , Dariusz Wójcik , Michał Oleszek
Abstract: This paper describes a solution that integrates machine learning algorithms and wearable sensors based on electrical impedance tomography. The main goal of the project was to develop a device that can assess the condition of the urinary bladder in a non-invasive manner. Research methods included XGBoost, Extremely Randomized Trees, Elastic Net, NNNET and RPART Decision Tree. The resulting reconstructions of the simulated urinary bladder are presented, and a comparative analysis of the algorithms is performed.
Keywords: Machine learning, electrical impedance tomography, wearable sensors, bladder
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.23
Authors: Michał Gołąbek, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Piotr Bożek, Daria Stefanczak, Dariusz Wójcik
Abstract: This paper presents the development process of an ultrasound tomography device, combined with an impedance tomography system, designed to monitor bladder function. The paper presents the results of electromagnetic compatibility tests, which were conducted at the accredited Laboratory for Electromagnetic Compatibility (LKE) at the Wrocław University of Technology.
Keywords: ultrasonic tomography, impedance tomography, electromagnetic compatibility
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.24
Authors: Krzysztof Król , Grzegorz Rybak , Dariusz Majerek , Bartosz Przysucha , Konrad Niderla
Abstract: The article presents the use of ultrasonic tomography for detecting material discontinuities in industrial intermediates. This technique, based on piezoelectric probes, allows non-invasive examination of the interior of objects such as tanks or pipelines. The design of a measurement system integrated into a production line is presented, and a comparative analysis of image reconstruction for homogeneous and defective components is presented. A comparison on 3 different components is presented.
Keywords: ultrasonic tomography, defectoscopy, material discontinuities, semi-finished products, production line
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.25
Authors: Marcjan Nowak , Andrzej Popenda
Abstract: The article presents a comparison of the accuracy of reproducing the angular velocity of a DC motor using an artificial neural network and a Luenberger observer. The results of computer simulations with a DC motor are presented. The simulation model was designed in Matlab Simulink software. Simulations were carried out for a model containing a DC motor and an artificial neural network. Computer simulation results are presented.
Keywords: Neural networks, DC motor, speed estimation, Luenberger observer
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.26
Authors: Paweł Pysz , Paweł Kiełbasa , Akinsunmade Akinniyi , Tomasz Dróżdż , Anna Miernik , Mirosław Zagórda
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to identify anomalies in the soil surface structure of selected concrete hauls of special vehicles on the basis of analysis of GPR echograms allowing identification of areas of potential degradation of the subsurface structure of the ground. The scope of work included conducting surveys in five stages using a Horn 2000 MHz screen antenna. Analysis of the echograms and GPR images suggests that the condition of the road is generally good. Clear structural layers were identified, as well as areas of variability in the road's structure, with indications of material heterogeneity and the presence of high dielectric contrast objects.
Keywords: GPR, ground structure, ground profile anomalies, electromagnetic wave
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.27
Authors: Daniel Rataj
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of the range of capacitor charging voltage in a C-Dump system on the performance of a switchable reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The tests were carried out at specific operating points. The analysis was based on two evaluation criteria: obtaining maximum output power and obtaining maximum efficiency of the drive. The tests were carried out using the simulation method for a three-band SRM motor with a power output of 750 W, supplied with mains voltage from a C-Dump type system. The correctness of the calculation results was verified by measurement on a test bench.
Keywords: Switchable reluctance motor (SRM), C-Dump power system, electric drive, simulation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.28
Authors: Tomasz Szul , Iveta Cabalova , Rupali Tiwari , Piotr Łyszczarz
Abstract: The results presented here focus on the analysis of the thermal and acoustic performance of wood-polymer composites from waste electrical power cable insulation. The obtained measurement results provide new insights into this topic and may have important implications in the context of insulation applications. The thermophysical and acoustic properties of these composites are one of the elements of research on the use of waste polymers from insulation which may lead to the effective use of this type of raw material in recycling.
Keywords: Polymer waste, composite panels, thermal conductivity, specific heat, NRC sound absorption coefficient, power cable insulation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.29
Authors: Ivan Temelkovski , Goran Rafajlovski , Goga Cvetkovski , Mihail Digalovski
Abstract: The article considers a three-phase low-voltage squirrel cage electric motor. Operating characteristics are obtained from a short-circuit test in two different ways: once when the electric motor is directly connected to the grid, and the second when the motor is fed from an inverter. In addition, higher-order harmonics were analyzed and the copper losses generated during the no-load induction motor test were determined. A qualitative analysis of the results is presented and the significant effect of the inverter on copper losses is highlighted.
Keywords: Higher harmonics, copper losses in a motor, performance characteristics, impact of
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.30
Authors: Anna Zielinska
Abstract: The article describes new regulations in Poland and the EU that introduce peer-to-peer trading in electricity. The text presents the possibility of using blockchain technology for this purpose. Describes how blockchain can revolutionize the traditional energy model by enabling direct trade between producers and consumers, eliminating middlemen. It presents the advantages and challenges, explains the key features of the technology, and discusses its potential applications in the energy industry, focusing on peer-to-peer (P2P) trading of renewable energy.
Keywords: electricity trading, blockchain technology, peer-to-peer trading, peer-to-peer trading, electricity
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.31
Authors: Piotr Czaja , Dariusz Bochenek , Magorzata Karolus , Małgorzata Adamczyk-Habrajska , Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz , Katarzyna Osińska , Piotr Rakus
Abstract: Potassium-bismuth titanate K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 was produced by conventional method using different sintering times. The resulting lead-free K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics show a high density determined by the Archimedes method at about 84-98% of the theoretical value. Microstructure studies were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). When sintering times of 4 and 5 hours were used, the grains of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 are similar. However, with a sintering time of 8 hours, an increase in grain size and inhomogeneity was observed. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the obtained samples have a pure perovskite structure with tetragonal symmetry. Dielectric measurements showed differences in relative permeability (ε) depending on sintering time. Conclusions on the effect of sintering time on the properties of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 can be a starting point for target technology and specific application.
Keywords: K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 perovskite structure, ferroelectric, lead-free material preparation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.32
Authors: Michal Lewandowski , Andrzej Bauerek
Abstract: The paper presents a method for simulation determination of the equivalent resistance of protective conductor connections dedicated to underground low-voltage mining networks. The method is based on the adaptation of an existing equivalent single-phase model of such a network designed for the calculation of current and voltage distribution in various states of network operation. Based on the existing model, a new model is generated that takes into account the specifics of protective conductor connections, and then the author's algorithm is run to determine the equivalent resistance of all protective conductor connections in a given network (starting from the end of each conductor up to the upper 6 kV transformer). The algorithm uses a combination of circuit graph analysis and simulation determination of current and voltage distributions in a modified circuit model of the network. The presented method is illustrated with a computational example.
Keywords: steady state, computer analysis, circuit model, circuit graph, mining low-voltage underground network, protective conductor resistance determination
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.33
Authors: Sebastian Różowicz , Antoni Różowicz , Henryk Wachta , Krzysztof Baran , Marcin Leśko , Andrzej Zawadzki
Abstract: Computer design of illumination of architectural objects is fundamental in assessing the feasibility of realization of the established concept of illumination of the object, as well as visualization of the final result. Typical lighting design applications can be used to simulate simple objects with uncomplicated architectural shapes. In the case of large-scale objects with complex architecture, the use of the above programs is limited, and advanced graphic applications are used to implement illumination projects in the above case. The article presents the concept of illumination of Zamosc City Hall as an example of the use of advanced graphic tools for the design of illumination of objects with a high degree of complexity.
Keywords: Illumination, computer simulations, graphic applications, visualization
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.34
Authors: Sebastian Różowicz , Henryk Wachta , Krzysztof Baran , Marcin Leśko
Abstract: The article presents the use of ultrasonic tomography for detecting material discontinuities in industrial intermediates. This technique, based on piezoelectric probes, allows non-invasive examination of the interior of objects such as tanks or pipelines. The design of a measurement system integrated into a production line is presented, and a comparative analysis of image reconstruction for homogeneous and defective components is presented. A comparison on 3 different components is presented.
Keywords: ultrasonic tomography, defectoscopy, material discontinuities, semi-finished products, production line
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.35
Authors: Maciej Czyżak , Robert Smyk
Abstract: This paper presents a new algorithm for converting from a residual system with base {2𝑛-1,2𝑛,2𝑛+1} to a binary system. The converter is based on the use of kernel functions. The use of kernel functions allows for a simplified converter formula, and thus leads to a more efficient converter architecture. The new conversion algorithm is presented and the architecture of the new converter is shown and its time and hardware complexity is analyzed.
Keywords: kernel function, residual number system, RNS, conversion from RNS to binary system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.36
Authors: Paweł Strączyński , Sebastian Różowicz , Zbigniew Goryca , Marcin Leśko
Abstract: This paper presents the problem of the effect of the complexity of the field model on the accuracy of determining machine parameters such as the distribution of the field in the gap and cross-section and the course of the tapping torque as a function of the angle of rotation. A field model of a DC motor with magnetoelectric excitation was developed. The results obtained were compared with measurements of the machine on a test bench.
Keywords: field model, dc motor, magneto excitation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.37
Authors: Piotr Chrostowski , Andrzej Wilk , Slawomir Grulkowski , Roksana Licow , Michna , Leszek Jarzębowicz , Jacek Skibicki , Slawomir Judek , Krzysztof Karwowski , Marek Szafrański , Tadeusz Widerski , Karol Daliga , Paweł Bawolski , Natalia Karkosińska-Brzozowska
Abstract: This article presents a new railroad monitoring system based on the concept of IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) sensor network, The system is characterized by area portability, scalability, sensor configuration capabilities and synchronization of measurements. The analysis of the signals enables a synthetic assessment of the impact of rail transportation on the environment, and in particular will allow identification of the causes of environmental pollution by vibrations and noise generated by rail vehicles. Preliminary results collected on the railroad are presented.
Keywords: rail transport infrastructure, rolling stock, environmental studies, sensor network
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.38
Authors: Mikołaj Koszel , Kornel Wolski , Piotr Grzejszczak
Abstract: The article presents selected test results of the developed bidirectional coupling between a low-voltage AC three-phase network and a DC voltage circuit with a wide-range adjustable value. A review of possible similar solutions from the literature is presented in the context of the developed circuit, followed by a discussion of the electrical characteristics of the coupler with a rated power of 25 kW based on experimental results. The converter is suitable for parallel operation (power increase) and is characterized by industrial manufacturing standards, making it suitable for use in RES and electromobility applications.
Keywords: bidirectional grid converter, double active bridge, experimental research, renewable energy sources, energy storage, electromobility, isolated DC/DC converter
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.39
Authors: Piotr Grzejszczak , Bartosz Nowatkiewicz
Abstract: The text presented below describes the design process and experimental results of a modular synchronous converter with voltage-reducing characteristics, built using miniature gallium nitride MOSFETs. The work aims to analyze the feasibility of using GaN transistors in a modular circuit with high current carrying capacity, which can be used, for example, in low-voltage energy storage. The paper examines an experimental system operating at 4 kW with an output current of nearly 150A and a switching frequency of 300 kHz.
Keywords: GaN transistors, dc voltage reduction circuit, multi-branch synchronous converter, experimental research
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.40
Authors: Kazimierz Jagiela , Marek Gała
Abstract: The article presents the problems of operating DC commutator electrical machines with capacities from about 2 MW to more than 8 MW, which are on the equipment of metallurgical rolling lines of steel, aluminum and copper products. Power supply schemes for multi-machine and single-machine drives using thyristor converters of the 6T type incorporated into excitation circuits are presented. The problems of operating drive systems are multifaceted. The article narrows its presentation to a description of the commutation phenomenon and the selection and acceptance of the isolation condition based on three indicators: DAR, PI and DD. Symptoms and causes of sparking of commutator DC electric machines were developed in tabular form.
Keywords: DC motor, commutation, insulation condition measurements
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.41
Authors: Paulina Kijak , Konrad Skórkiewicz , Rafał Pawlak , Grzegorz Tatoń
Abstract: It is rare to observe the impact of significant legislative changes related to permissible safe limits on the background of electromagnetic field (PEM) intensities in the environment. Such a situation occurred in Poland in late 2019 and early 2020. At that time, safety limits related to PEM intensities in the public environment changed. An additional factor that may have affected the environmental background of PEM was the gradual introduction of 5G technology and the reformulation of some bands used in telecommunications. All of these facts have raised serious concerns among some members of the public about a potential and significant increase in the environmental intensity of PEM. Performing further studies on the impact of PEM on people, PEM background levels were measured in early 2020 and late 2022. The article shows how the PEM background has changed over nearly three years at the site where the measurements were taken.
Keywords: electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field safety limits, PEM, effect of PEM on humans
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.42
Authors: Olga Kolecka , Radosław Jastrzębski , Adam Jakubas
Abstract: The paper focuses on a method for diagnosing the condition of reinforcement in composite materials using steel as reinforcement. The possibility of using a magnetic field camera working with magnetically hard materials and electromagnets of constant polarity was analyzed. Limitations and enabling conditions for the use of such a solution are presented and analyzed.
Keywords: composites, magnetic field distribution, analysis, nondestructive testing
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.43
Authors: Olga Kolecka , Radosław Jastrzębski , Adam Jakubas
Abstract: The paper analyzes a method using infrared radiation recorded with a thermal imaging camera and a magnetic field whose distribution is studied by a magnetic field camera. A direct comparison of the two methods was made, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses. An attempt was also made to indicate the areas in which both methods can be used simultaneously.
Keywords: composites, thermal imaging, thermography, magnetism, non-destructive testing
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.44
Authors: Mateusz Łępicki , Jarosław Kurek
Abstract: In today's recruitment process, accurately extracting information from a resume is crucial. In this article, we analyze how three small language models - Llama 2, Llama 3 and Phi-3 - can help with this task using a Zero-Shot approach. We tested how well these models perform by comparing their results to a manually created dataset, focusing on accuracy and the time required to process the data on computers typically used by small businesses. Our tests showed that even with different rules for CV data in different countries, these small, local models perform well and can be used by small businesses on their own hardware. In our tests, we used a simple prompt, and the models worked reliably, confirming their usefulness in real recruitment situations. The results show that small language models such as Llama 2, Llama 3 and Phi-3 can accurately and efficiently extract information from resumes, helping small businesses manage data in accordance with local regulations. This study highlights how these models can improve the process of matching candidates to job openings for smaller companies.
Keywords: Information extraction, pre-trained NLP models, small LLM models, recruitment process, Zero-Shot Learning, resume processing, Llama 2, Llama 3, Phi-3, natural language processing
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.45
Authors: Bartłomiej Błądek , Albina Yegorova , Yaroslav Kurek
Abstract: In the furniture industry, precision in drilling holes in melamine-laminated particleboard is crucial to maintaining product quality and minimizing financial losses. Manual monitoring of drill condition, while effective to some extent, is inefficient and not very precise. This paper presents a comparative analysis of two explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques - Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) - applied to a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach to automated tool condition monitoring (TCM). Using a pre-trained VGG16 network, we classify the condition of drilled holes into three categories: green, yellow and red. Both Grad-CAM and LIME provide visual explanations for the model's predictions, increasing the transparency and reliability of the system. Our comparative study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each method in interpreting CNN model decisions, aiming to improve the efficiency and reliability of automated TCM systems. The proposed approach shows significant potential in industrial applications, where understanding the decision-making process of AI models is as critical as their accuracy.
Keywords: grad-cam, lime, explain ai, machine learning, laminated particleboard, tool health monitoring
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.46
Authors: Artur Krupa , Dariusz Makowski
Abstract: The article describes a dedicated approach to analyzing inter-operator traffic data using proprietary analytical solutions, including a data collection system and optimization tools that reduce the problem of non-intuitive path planning in the BGP protocol. The system is based on flow information from current paths, traffic management data on the local network and on the border of dedicated operators, and the creation of a connection network that verifies the current consumption of output gateways on infrastructure links.
Keywords: Network optimization, BGP protocol, routing optimization, interconnectivity
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.47
Authors: Maciej Golgowski , Stanislaw Osowski
Abstract: The article presents an automatic method for recognizing anomalies in ECG signals. Considered as anomalies are arrhythmia and congestive heart failure on the background of signals representing a normal state. The proposed solution applies a continuous wavelet transform, the results of which, in the form of an image, are fed to a set of deep CNN classifiers, responsible for class recognition. Experimental tests of the proposed system were carried out on an ECG dataset taken from the Complex Physiologic Signals PhysioNet database. Experimental results showed the high efficiency of the proposed solution.
Keywords: anomaly detection, wavelet transform, ECG, classification, CNN, classifier ensemble
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.48
Authors: Bogdan Dziadak , Maciej Czumak
Abstract: The article presents research on the implementation and testing of three different algorithms used for fall detection. The first two algorithms use time waveform analysis and monitoring of constant values of acceleration and angular velocity. The most effective algorithm is also based on acceleration values, but the decision to fall is made by a classifier using an SVM. This makes it possible to achieve an algorithm efficiency of 97%.
Keywords: Fall detection, algorithm, SVM classifier.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.49
Authors: Zuzanna KRAWCZYK-BORYSIAK , Paweł Kluge , Andrzej Łasica , Przemysław Sul , Maciej Ciuba
Abstract: The article focuses on investigating the potential application of neural networks for voltage surge compliance classification. Three potential neural network architectures were considered for this task - a convolutional neural network (CNN), a model combining convolutional and LSTM layers (CNN+LSTM), and a transformer model. The best results were obtained by the simple transformer model (93% accuracy in the test data set), followed by the CNN+LSTM model (accuracy: 81%) and CNN (accuracy: 69%).
Keywords: Neural networks, CNN, LSTM, transformer, voltage surges, signal classification
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.50
Authors: Piotr Zych , Konrad Sobolewski , Andrzej Łasica , Michał Borecki , Jolanta Sadura , Jan Sroka
Abstract: Measuring conducted radio frequency emissions is a very important part of electromagnetic compatibility testing. Depending on the environment (domestic, industrial) in which a certain device operates, different permissible levels of electromagnetic disturbance emissions are established. The article presents a test stand used for teaching purposes. Measurements are made in accordance with PN-EN 55011, which defines the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. The test object presented in the article is a single-phase inverter driving an asynchronous motor. The generated interference level is affected by, among other things, the length of the cable and the connection of its shield to the local reference ground. The presented system allows measurements for different wire lengths and grounded or not their shields. In addition, the bench also has the ability to select and verify ready-made filters or filter elements.
Keywords: Conducted disturbances, drive system, asymmetric and symmetric disturbances, RF filters
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.51
Authors: Karolina Małecka , Jan Sroka , Robert Olczyk
Abstract: This paper investigates how the shape and size of the window affect the dynamics of the measurement system in shielding effectiveness measurements in a GTEM chamber. By analyzing the limitations imposed by the window geometry, valuable information is provided for researchers and engineers who want to improve the accuracy and reliability of their shielding effectiveness measurements. The article also addresses the dynamic range below the theoretical cutoff frequency.
Keywords: Electromagnetic compatibility, shielding effectiveness, dynamics of measurement system for shielding effectiveness measurements, GTEM chamber
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.52
Authors: Mikołaj Koszel , Piotr Grzejszczak , Roman Barlik , Marek Szymczak
Abstract: Parallel studies of connected converters with double active bridge topology.
Keywords: double active bridge, common disturbance current, IPOP, EMI, parasitic capacitances
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.53
Authors: Lukasz Makowski
Abstract: One of the main challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) is how to effectively authenticate a large number of active devices without relying on information stored on them and without requiring users to have technical knowledge. Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) offer a viable alternative by exploiting the unique physical properties of electrical circuits to securely and reliably generate device-specific signatures. This work investigates the computational efficiency of processing data streams from a nonlinear oscillator circuit to generate identifiers on a microcontroller.
Keywords: Internet of Things, authentication, performance measurement, non-linear systems
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.54
Authors: Andrii Dutko , Lukasz Putz , Jan Szymenderski , Andrii Yatseiko
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the multidimensional benefits of building a photovoltaic system on agricultural land for asparagus cultivation. Energy, agronomic and economic analyses will be conducted. For the extensive energy analysis, insolation and electricity production data from an existing solar power plant located in western Ukraine will be used. The agronomic analysis, on the other hand, will include an in-depth analysis of asparagus growing conditions in fertile Ukrainian lands, taking into account weather conditions, soil quality and crop irrigation needs. An important part of the work will also be an economic analysis determining the profitability of carrying out the investment in the construction of an agrophotovoltaic farm. Economic calculations will be carried out on the basis of an analysis of average electricity prices and asparagus purchase prices applicable to the Ukrainian market. In the conclusion of the work, possible ways to improve the agrophotovoltaic system will also be proposed, as well as justification for such a choice.
Keywords: agrophotovoltaic system, renewable energy, solar power plant, technical and economic analysis
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.55
Authors: asyl Malyar , Orest Hamola , Volodymyr Maday , Ivanna Vasylchyshyn
Abstract: Mathematical models have been developed for analyzing the starting modes of an electric drive based on a phased-rotor induction motor, which allow determining the value of the resistance of the rheostat section in the rotor circuit and carrying out mathematical modeling of the starting modes of the electric drive. The calculations are based on the developed mathematical model of the motor, which takes into account the saturation of the magnetic circuit based on the magnetization characteristics of the main magnetic flux and the dissipation fluxes in the stator and rotor.
Keywords: induction motor, wound rotor, static characteristics, magnetic core saturation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.56
Authors: Serhiy Rendzinyak , Roman Kholodniak , Vasyl Korud , Dmitro Trushakov , Oleksandr Kozlovskyi
Abstract: The specifics of the use of parallel computing for analyzing dynamical systems are examined using the Lotka-Volterra "predator-prey" model as an example. Such relaxation methods as Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR and their parallel implementations using Python libraries and modules are considered. An analysis of the efficiency and accuracy of these methods and the influence of model parameters on the results of the calculations is carried out. A graphical interface for visualization and study of population dynamics was developed. The results show the potential of parallel computing to accelerate and improve the accuracy of modeling complex dynamical systems that consist of parts with deep connections.
Keywords: parallel calculations, relaxation method, dynamic system, Lotka-Volterra equations
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.57
Authors: Sebastian Jędrzejewski , Robert Szmurło
Abstract: The purpose of the article is to study the ability of LLM transformer networks to automatically generate tests for English language learners and to compare the results with classical methods. The article examines a type of test that consists of paragraphs of text with gaps that learners should fill in. The article compares the results obtained using recurrent neural networks and transformer networks (BERT and ELECTRA). The approach related to the use of LLM networks is based on the article by Felice et al. [2]. In the presented study, the authors extend the loss function with additional metrics based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence loss to improve the spatial distribution of gaps.
Keywords: text gap filling test, recurrent neural networks, transformer networks, LLM
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.58
Authors: Agnieszka Choroszucho
Abstract: The article contains the results of an analysis of the effect of the conductivity of the building material (brick) on the electric field strength values inside the analyzed area. The analysis also takes into account the variation of the lengths of the tubes, which also results in a variable location of the tubes, and the two frequencies (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) used in Wi-Fi wireless communication. Changing the length of the rods also results in a change in the percentage of ceramic mass in the brick, which affects the field strength values in the analyzed area. The Finite Differences Time Domain (FDTD) method was used to perform a multivariate analysis.
Keywords: Electromagnetic wave propagation, finite difference time domain method (FDTD), wireless communication, construction materials
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.59
Authors: Jacek Stankiewicz
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a numerical and analytical analysis of a wireless power transmission (WPT) system. The system consists of a transmitting and receiving surface, each consisting of flat spiral coils. Both proposed approaches reduce the size and complexity of the models. Two coil systems were also considered: periodic and with variable winding direction. The difference between the proposed layouts lies in the different way the coils are wound. In the periodic system, all coils are wound in the same direction. The effects of coil type, winding direction, number of windings and distance between coils on the efficiency of the WPT system were compared. The analysis covered a wide frequency range from 100 kHz to 1000 kHz. The finite element method (FEA) was used for the analysis. Comparing the two systems, the models with variable coil windings show higher efficiency values. The proposed system allows simultaneous charging of multiple sensors (located in walls, for example).
Keywords: wireless power transmission (WPT), planar coils, magnetic field, FEM
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.60
Authors: Vasyl Malyar , Oksana Hoholyuk , Orest Hamola , Ivanna Vasylchyshyn , Volodymyr Maday
Abstract: A mathematical model of a squirrel-cage rotor induction motor was proposed, which takes into account the saturation of the magnetic system and the current shift in the rotor bars. To account for the saturation of the main magnetic flux, the main magnetization curve was used. To account for the current shift, the rods including the compact rings were divided into n layers of height. As a result, n windings on the rotor are coupled to the main magnetic flux and covered by different magnetic dissipation fluxes. (Mathematical model of an induction motor including current shift in the rotor bars using Matlab/Sim package.
Keywords: mathematical model, induction motor, current shift, magnetic flux
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.61
Authors: Oksana Hoholyuk , Petro Gogolyuk
Abstract: This paper develops a mathematical model for the analysis of electromagnetic and electromechanical transients and periodic waveforms of a compensated asynchronous motor. The model was created in normal Cauchy form and adapted for use in computer environments. The model provides the ability to take into account the special characteristics of the compensated induction motor as an element of a microgrid.
Keywords: compensated asynchronous motor, mathematical model, microgrid
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.62
Authors: Boguslaw Butrylo
Abstract: The paper considers magnetic phenomena, field distribution and inductance changes, in a system of periodically spaced planar coils. In the system, a deformable, elastic layer of material (membrane) with poor magnetic permeability is present above the layer of coils. The study determines the effect of the depth of deformation (deflection) of the diaphragm and the deflection area on changes in the inductance values of the coils. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for building a system for identifying surface deformation using a set of planar coils.
Keywords: Planar systems, periodic inductors, magnetic field, flexible magnetic materials, numerical methods
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.63
Authors: Jacek Korytkowski , Kazimierz Mikołajuk , Krzysztof Siwek , Andrzej Toboła
Abstract: The article describes a method for evaluating short-circuit currents in power systems. The network parameters are identified from an injected current pulse. Analytical and numerical results are presented. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Keywords: short-circuit current, current injection, system parameter identification, transient analysis
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.64
Authors: Milena Kurzawa , Rafał Wojciechowski , Paweł Idziak
Abstract: This article presents a method that combines elements of the evolution strategy with the genetic algorithm (GAES), i.e. a method aimed at searching for the extremes not only of a multimodal function, but also of a function of multiple variables. Its implementation in the search for parameters of multibranch Cauer circuits is described. The validity of the proposed method was checked, and the results obtained from the GAES method were compared with those obtained from the field model.
Keywords: Matching method, genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, Cauer multi-branch circuits
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.65
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Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.66
Authors: Veslava Osinska , Adam Szalach , Dominik Piotrowski , Jesus Martinez
Abstract: Over the past few years, developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have contributed to advances in areas such as computer vision, description and image generation. Analyses have focused on the ability of AI to create descriptions and generate images, comparing them to human perception. Images were studied using eye tracking in a VR art gallery and in a stationary environment. The study involved expert and AI descriptions of the BITSCOPE project images, followed by AI-generated images based on those descriptions, focusing on eye-tracking metrics.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, eyetracking, virtual reality, computer vision
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.03.67
Authors: Małgorzata Łatka
Abstract: The last few years have seen a significant increase in the number of prosumers in Poland. At the end of 2023, about 1 million 400 thousand prosumer micro-installations with a total capacity of nearly 10.5 GW were connected to the national distribution networks. These are primarily photovoltaic installations. In view of the increasing reporting of problems with voltage levels, among other things, to the Distribution System Operators of the DSOs, it is important to determine the nature of these voltage changes and to study what other power quality parameters have deteriorated or may deteriorate with further increases in the number of prosumers. The knowledge gained through the case study will serve to better understand the phenomena associated with the deterioration of power quality in low-voltage power grids with distributed generation.
Keywords: Power quality, photovoltaics, low-voltage power grids
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