DOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.01
Authors: Marcin Wentrys, Stanislaw Piróg
Abstract: This paper proposes a method for measuring the current components of a frequency- and pulse-width-modulated controlled bridge inverter. The method eliminates the third harmonic and its multiples from the measurement result in the absence of filters. The correctness of the method was confirmed by calculations and simulations.
Keywords: reactive component of current, bridge inverter, current averaging, low-pass filter
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.02
Authors: Azzeddine GATTAL, Dhaouadi GUIZA, Mahmoud MAAMRI, Youcef SOUFI
Abstract: The noise generated by electric motors, with its great diversity, creates complexity that facilitates fault detection with a certain amount of redundancy. Fault prediction becomes possible through a combination of digital signal processing and artificial intelligence. This paper focuses on fault detection using speech processing techniques, in particular linear predictive coding (LPC). The proposed technique extracts parameters used to detect or predict faults based on LPC. The results show that the proposed technique is very effective in detecting and identifying faults with unparalleled accuracy, especially if the selected p-order is greater than ten
Keywords: Faults, pattern recognition, engine, linear predictive coding (LPC)
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.03
Authors: Ahmed Nait-Ouslimane, Bachir Ouartal, Meziane Hamel, Mustapha Zaouia, Ratiba Fellag, Riad Moualek
Abstract: This paper investigates the design and simulation of a tubular linear permanent magnet generator (LGMT) for wave energy conversion using the finite element method. The proposed approach uses the T-Omega formulation to significantly reduce computational time compared to conventional techniques, while maintaining simulation accuracy. The coupled magneto-mechanical model accounts for key electromagnetic-structural interactions relevant to generator performance. Experimental data confirm the accuracy and reliability of the T-Omega formulation in modeling LGMT behavior. The proposed approach enables rapid design optimization of the generator, accelerating practical implementation of wave energy conversion systems.
Keywords: Finite element method, T-Omega formula, linear tube generator, wave energy conversion
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.04
Authors: Bartosz Owczarczuk, Jerzy Chudorliński, Mariusz Kucharek, Paweł Kluge
Abstract: This article describes TEV, HFCT and VHF/UHF methods for the detection of incomplete discharges in air-insulated medium-voltage switchgear. The basic principles of each sensor and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. A comparison of measurement results obtained with each method is presented, and key aspects of signal processing are discussed. Finally, the areas of application of detection methods depending on the operating conditions of MV switchgear are indicated.
Keywords: Incomplete discharge, medium voltage switchgear, TEV, HFCT, VHF/UHF
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.05
Authors: Jacek Gieras
Abstract: The article describes commercial magnetic railroads (maglev) in the world. The difference between electromagnetic levitation (EML) and electrodynamic levitation (EDL) is explained. A classification of maglev systems by speed is given. Seven operating maglev lines in the world (Daejon Expo Maglev, Transrapid in Shanghai, Linimo, Incheon Maglev, Changsha Maglev, Beijing S1 Metro, Fenghuang Maglev) are described. Two more maglev lines are currently under construction: the Quingyuan Maglev, the Chuo Shinkansen, and research is underway on three experimental maglev lines: the Yamanashi Maglev, the General Atomics Maglev, the TSB Sengenthal. Birmingham Airport Maglev, Emsland test facility, and Maglev Cobra have been decommissioned. The article ends with conclusions.
Keywords: Magnetic levitation, ground transportation, commercial maglev lines
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.06
Authors: Jaroslaw Wiater
Abstract: Vertical lightning arrestors with a height of 2.5 m or more must be attached to the protected object with separating brackets made of electrically insulating material. The article presents the results of a study of the effect of actual environmental conditions on the material coefficient km of separation brackets used to calculate the required separation distance s. The study showed changes in the value of the coefficient km which directly affects the effectiveness of the lightning protection device.
Keywords: Separation brackets, lightning protection, material factor, separation distance.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.07
Authors: Konrad Woronowicz
Abstract: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is an essential requirement for any electrified transit system design. Compatibility is achieved through a comprehensive approach to planning, design management and verification. One of the many important aspects of transit system EMC is calculating and verifying the effects of interfering cables, typically DC or AC power, on low-power cables, typically signal cables, running along the system's power cables in cable trays or conduits. The article discusses the approach and formulas for calculating these effects for different geometric relationships between the interfering cable and the signal cables.
Keywords: EMC, induced voltage, vector potential, touch voltage
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.08
Authors: Dirk Riedinger
Abstract: The main aspect of this paper, which is a continuation of my previous article reviewing Quade's concept of geometric summation of useless energy, is the introduction of the term "orthogonal energy." This new term for useless energy shows that its actual fundamental cause is orthogonality. The term also makes a distinction between Quade's basic concept and other technical definitions. Attention is then focused on a clear understanding of the meaning of total orthogonal and total apparent energy of multiphase lattices, thus the consideration of the Quade concept. A new graphical representation of energy in vector space is introduced. For the first time, measurements of the total (or total?) orthogonal energy in an arc furnace (EAF) nonlinear and dynamic three-phase loading are made. The results of simulation studies are also discussed. Geometric summation analysis of orthogonal energy components was performed.
Keywords: Quadea concept, orthogonality, vector space, reactive energy, inactive energy, integrated energy, energy measurement, arc furnace (EAF), energy components
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.09
Authors: K. Sureeya, Natapon Kaewthong, Robithoh Annur, Tanakorn Inthasuth
Abstract: Unstable operation of solar-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices installed outdoors is often due to insufficient power supply or battery degradation. This article presents a cyclic sleep system (CSCS) for a Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)-based air quality monitoring system deployed in Songkhla Municipality. The goal is to increase the availability of sensor data (SDA) in monitored zones over a seven-day period. Experimental results showed that SDA was only 4.2% without the use of CSCS. After implementing CSCS, SDA improved significantly in all zones - for example, in Zone A it increased from 66.7% to 87.5%, and in Zone D it reached 100% availability. CSCS effectively reduces energy consumption and enables continuous 24-hour operation. Importantly, the system has been integrated without hardware modifications, confirming the practicality of CSCS as a low-cost and non-invasive solution to improve the reliability of solar-powered IoT systems.
Keywords: IoT, sleep and wake cycle, AQI sensor, smart city
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.10
Authors: Mokhtar Zerikat, Ramzi Salim, Sadek Nekrouf, Soufyane Chekroun
Abstract: This paper presents the concept of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for controlling a two-rotor multi-input, multi-output system (TRMS). TRMS control has been very difficult because the rotor interacts badly on the beam between yaw and pitch angle. Therefore, it is considered multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) with nonlinear dynamic behavior. Combining fuzzy logic and neural network, a hybrid ANFIS algorithm is created. The concept of fuzzy logic was used to adapt the learning algorithm to improve the reliability of learning and performance of the neural network. To be able to verify the performance and test the behavior of the proposed ANFIS control algorithms, a numerical simulation is carried out. The simulation results showed good system stabilization and very good tracking performance of the proposed control system.
Keywords: Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS); dual-rotor multi-input-output system (TRMS); nonlinear control; neuro-fuzzy inference controller.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.11
Authors: Dominik Przepiórka, Paweł Pijarski, Wiesława Malska
Abstract: The article analyzes selected power quality indicators in a low-voltage network containing RES sources and energy storage. Their optimal values were determined using ten different metaheuristic optimization methods. The proposed analyses will enable the selection of the most favorable indicator from the point of view of managing the operation of the distribution network by optimally controlling the charging power of energy storage facilities and the reactive power of prosumer photovoltaic installations. It will also reduce power losses and equalize voltage profiles.
Keywords: Power quality indicators, power losses, RES, metaheuristics.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.12
Authors: Bilal Saoud, Ramdane Taglout
Abstract: Visual object tracking is an important point in computer vision research, with applications spanning various fields such as transportation and smart industrial technologies. Although tracking systems based on correlation filters have shown good performance, they face challenges such as scale variation, occlusion, edge effects and background clutter. To solve these problems, we introduced an approach combining artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization, deep neural networks and a Kalman filter. Our method includes an initial stage in which the reliability of the tracking process is analyzed, followed by the calculation of target confidence information at the currently estimated location. This is followed by an update step. In our approach, target scale adjustment is determined by optimizing the artificial bee colony (ABC). In addition, we apply a Kalman filter to represent the movement of the target between frames. Rigorous testing on OTB2013, OTB2015, TempleColor128 and UAV123 datasets confirms the effectiveness, accuracy and robustness of our method, demonstrating superior performance compared to many state-of-the-art techniques.
Keywords: Object tracking, confidential information, correlation filter, artificial bee colony, Kalman filter
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.13
Authors: Marcin Kulik, Rafal Gabor
Abstract: The article presents the optimization of a nonlinear vibration energy converter, focusing on minimizing stresses in a critical component of the system. As a result of simulations and mechanical analyses, critical areas were identified and the geometry of the beam was optimized, enabling a 13.8% reduction in stress, while maintaining a resonant frequency of ~35 Hz. The high agreement between simulation and experimental results confirmed the reliability of the numerical model used. The developed converter, thanks to its increased durability and efficiency, can find application in autonomous power systems, such as IoT devices
Keywords: Energy recovery, nonlinear dynamics, stress minimization, vibration energy conversion
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.14
Authors: Szymon Borys, Wojciech Kaczmarek
Abstract: This paper presents the design of an operator panel for operating the runway of ABB's GoFa collaborative robot. The application was developed in AppStudio and Visual Studio Code environment. The application allows the operator to control the running track in manual mode and turn on the robot in automatic mode. The robot position with the running track was integrated using a SIEMENS S7-1200 controller. Communication between the PLC and the robot controller was implemented using PROFINET. The authors performed tests of the application's functioning using a virtual twin and on a real research and teaching station.
Keywords: Human-machine interface, collaborative robot, running track, operator panel
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.15
Authors: Charinsak Saetiaw, Jatuporn Nakorntep, Suthasinee Lamultree, Vithaya Chamnanphai
Abstract: The present research focuses on evaluating the development and implementation of a star-shaped patch antenna design with a semi-elliptical ground plate. Polylactide (polylactic acid, or PLA) was used as the substrate while a thin layer of copper provides an environmentally friendly conductive material. The object of this work is to explore cost-effective, reusable alternatives to traditional FR4 substrates to improve antenna performance and bandwidth through innovative geometric shapes. A combination of a star-shaped patch and a modified ground plate was analyzed for effects on critical parameters such as reflection loss, antenna energy gain and radiation patterns. The antenna operates across the ISM band (2.00 GHz to 3.08 GHz) at a center frequency of 2.45 GHz and achieves an energy gain of 2.32 dB. Measurements of the prototype device showed an impedance bandwidth of 10 dB from 2.17 GHz to 3.11 GHz and a gain of 2.13 dB. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed design offers a sustainable, low-cost alternative to traditional FR4-based antennas.
Keywords: Star-shaped patch antenna; PLA substrate; ISM band; modified ground plane
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.16
Authors: Mykola Khilchuk, Oksana Boyko, Roman Holyaka, Roman Kukhta, Tetyana Kolach, Yevhen Halushka
Abstract: An important requirement for modern sensor devices is to ensure minimal power consumption. An effective method to reduce energy consumption is to cycle the signal chains of sensor devices between active and sleep modes. There are two main algorithms for automatic wake-up transitions between these modes - based on the duration of the measurement process and based on the signal level. This study demonstrates the feasibility of optimizing pulsed power modes in energy-efficient sensor devices using a Wake-up transition algorithm with a software-controlled duration of the measurement process. The implementation of the signal circuits of such energy-efficient sensor devices is based on a programmable system on a chip (PSoC). Criteria for selecting the optimal duration of power pulses are presented. The optimization methodology is based on parametric analysis of the dependence of dynamic characteristics of signal circuits on the amplitude of power pulses. In the process of such parametric analysis, the results of experimental and model tests are used.
Keywords: sensor, energy efficiency, mixed signal, embedded system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.17
Authors: Maciej Sputowski, Radoslav Wajman, Robert Banasiak, Volodymyr Mosorov
Abstract: In recent years, the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in data processing and medical diagnosis have become increasingly apparent. This is influenced by advances in computer technology and the integration of many disciplines. It is noteworthy that there has been a rapid increase in AI applications in clinical medicine, including its use in urinary tract disease detection technologies. AI offers the ability to process diagnostic information, which creates new opportunities for precise, personalized treatment, while promoting non-invasive diagnostic approaches. This paper presents an original approach to solving the problem of supervised learning in convolutional neural network (CNN) models for lower urinary tract identification for a limited and unbalanced training data set. The proposed solution involves significantly expanding the bladder diagnostic data set by increasing the number of samples using different strategies. However, this approach also increases the computational complexity of AI training, making it unfeasible to load all training data sets into memory at once. To overcome this challenge, a distributed processing approach involving dynamic data loading along with memory optimization was developed.
Keywords: Supervised machine learning; convolutional neural networks; lower urinary tracts; global coherence error; image segmentation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.18
Authors: Petr Bogatyrev, Tomasz Wolnik
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the impact of permanent magnet rotor design solutions on the performance and operating characteristics of a hydrogenerator designed for small hydropower plants (SHPPs). Internal Permanent Magnet (IPM) and Internal Permanent Magnet V-shaped rotor configurations were considered. The effect of the angle between permanent magnets on the induced voltage value and final operating characteristics was analyzed. The results obtained were compared with a rotor solution with surface-mounted magnets called Surface Permanent Magnet (SPM). Based on the analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of the various solutions for use in a SHPP hydrogenerator were determined.
Keywords: Hydrogenerator, permanent magnet rotor, electromagnetic calculations
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.19
Authors: Amanuel Haftu-Kahsay, Kosuke Shikata, Krzysztof Szabat, Piotr Derugo, Rafał Zawiślak, Seiichiro Katsura
Abstract: The paper presents issues related to vibration damping in a dual-mass system. A control structure with a PI controller and with additional feedback from the torsional moment and its derivative was used for the study. A higher-order integral estimator was proposed to obtain information on these variables. Results are presented showing a significant improvement in the quality of estimation of these quantities compared to the classical observer. Theoretical considerations were confirmed by simulation and experimental studies.
Keywords: dual mass system, vibration damping, variable estimation, electric drive
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.20
Authors: Aleksandr Tsarikov, Marina Polyakova
Abstract: The need to multiply quaternions when at least one quaternion is pure arises in many information processing applications. Various situations may arise in this case. It may turn out that the multiplicand is a vector quaternion, and the multiplicand is an ordinary quaternion. Another problem is when the multiplier is an ordinary quaternion and the multiplier is a vector quaternion. Finally, there may be a situation where both factors are pure quaternions. In all three cases, the number of real multiplications can be reduced compared to the number of real multiplications required to calculate the product of ordinary quaternions. This article discusses algorithmic solutions to reduce the number of real multiplications when calculating products of quaternions in each of these cases.
Keywords: electric circuit analysis, quaternion multiplication, pure quaternion
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.21
Authors: Mohcen Bechaouat, Skander Bouraghda, Zoubir Chelli
Abstract: As production, transportation, distribution and utility systems improve, so does the demand for a reliable power supply. To meet these demands, it is necessary to continuously provide customers with high-quality, safe electricity. The biggest threat to uninterrupted power supply is failures of electrical systems. Power system failures are an unavoidable problem. Therefore, in order to reduce damage and disruption to the electrical system, a well-coordinated protection automation system must be installed to quickly identify and isolate problems. Proper operation of protection relays depends on identifying faults in electrical networks. When a fault occurs in a transmission line, the short-circuit current is always greater than the rated load current. Several methods and conventional numerical techniques have been used and proposed for fault detection. This article applies artificial intelligence, namely artificial neural networks, namely ANN. We develop a program in the Matlab environment, based on the ANN method, using sampled values of signal currents and voltages. It allows us to detect different types of shunt faults in transmission lines.
Keywords: ANN, fault detection, transmission line, power system
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.22
Authors: Aldona Kuśmińska-Fijałkowska, Jacek Kozyra, Łukasz Kaleta, Zbigniew Łukasik
Abstract: The rapid expansion of the medium-voltage network based on the widespread use of power cables and the use of network automation with the possibility of remote control of switching equipment, causes rapid changes in its parameters. This has a significant impact on the capacitance of the line, and at the same time forces a change in the value of capacitive earth fault currents in substations affected by the change in the scheduled layout.The main purpose of this publication is to present an example of compensation of earth fault currents using a quenching reactor equipped with an adjustable tap changer. On the basis of a 15 kV MV switchgear, calculations of capacitive currents were made and quenching reactors were selected for both bus sections of the considered GPZ. Methods for setting the current on the traditional choke and the choke with automatic control are presented.
Keywords: Medium-voltage grid, MV, Main Power Supply Point, GPZ, Extinguishing Choke, Petersen Coil, National Electricity System, NPS.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.23
Authors: Haziezol Mohd-Yusof, Hazli Abdul-Rahim, Huda Zain, Malathy Batumalay, Mohd Jali, Mohd Md-Saat, Muhamad Suffian, Sulaiman Harun, Zaiton Abdul-Mutalip
Abstract: This research investigates the development of a cost-effective IoT-integrated optical thickness sensor using an LED light source to monitor product quality. The main objective is to evaluate the feasibility of using a simple optical device to measure the thickness and color of transparent flat surfaces. The methodology involves an RGB LED source that emits light toward a transparent plastic film, and the transmitted light is collected by a photodetector and sent to the NODEMCU via an operational amplifier. The rays emitted by the LED are partially reflected by the material layer, while the rest of the light is absorbed or transmitted depending on the material properties. The optical sensor is connected to the Blynk application to enable IoT functions, enabling the collection of 200 data points per measurement. Experimental results showed that the sensor achieved a maximum sensitivity of 1.44 V/mm and linearity of 95.49% when measuring a transparent green plastic film using a green light source. The paper highlights the potential of integrating optical sensor technology with IoT solutions to improve quality control processes in various industries.
Keywords: optical sensor, LED, IoT
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.24
Authors: Ahmed Belarbi, Nadir Bouchetata, Nour-el-Houda Korbaa
Abstract: Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is crucial for reliable battery management systems (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries, especially under varying temperature conditions. This paper proposes an optimized bi-directional long short-term memory network with attention mechanism (Bi-LSTM-AM) for accurate SOC estimation at three different temperatures (0°C, 25°C, 50°C). A learning and testing process with the US06 profile was used, and tuning of hyperparameters ensured optimal model configuration. Bi-LSTM-AM outperforms conventional LSTM networks, achieving faster learning and lower computational cost. As a result, it provides accurate SOC estimates with minimized noise, achieving a mean square error (MAE) of 0.4822% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.6563% at 25°C, with an accuracy of 99.72% on unseen test data. In summary, evaluations of the proposed model at different temperatures and scenarios show that the model performs best at higher temperatures, with slightly lower accuracy at lower temperatures. However, Bi-LSTM-AM consistently outperforms existing methods for estimating SOC.
Keywords: Lithium-ion battery, Charge status, Charge status estimation, Battery management system, Long short-term memory, Attention mechanism.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.25
Authors: Ngoc An-Luu
Abstract: The microgrid (MG) can classically operate in two modes, namely on-grid and off-grid. When the MG is connected to the main power supply, voltage and frequency stability is maintained by the main grid, allowing all inverters in the microgrid to operate in PQ mode. However, when disconnected, the MG will lose control. Therefore, it is necessary to keep frequency and voltage within limits by introducing a generator (such as diesel) to act as the main grid. In addition, this approach helps ensure a balance between energy production and consumption. This article proposes an intelligent control strategy to control frequency, which guarantees a balance between consumption and generation, by adjusting active power using fuzzy logic concepts. The performance of the proposed strategy is evaluated through simulation with different scenarios.
Keywords: Microgrid; Fuzzy logic; Storage; Photovoltaics.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.26
Authors: Abdelhalim Tlemcani, Smain Bentouati, Zakaria Charfi
Abstract: This work contributes to the knowledge and application of grid-forming inverters for power sharing in microgrids. The main objective is to develop a new structure, including feedback control (droop control) methods, to improve grid stability and performance. Advanced feedback controllers based on the passive control method with attenuation and interconnection assignment (IDA-PBC), including dual integrators, have been proposed. These regulators show very good performance in voltage and current stabilization and help overcome problems related to stability, local oscillations and transient behavior in islanding mode. The proposed method enables smooth and flexible power distribution, thus providing a very effective solution for microgrid management. Simulations in the MATLAB environment were used to confirm the performance and reliability of the proposed control strategies.
Keywords: Distributed generator, voltage drop control, microgrid, islanding mode, grid formation
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.27
Authors: Abdenbi Mimouni, Abderrahim Mokhfi, Aicha Flitti, Azzedine Hamid, Fatima Medjaoui, Mohamed Rizouga
Abstract: This paper examines in detail the magnetothermal behavior of a microtransformer, an important component in low-power energy conversion systems. As part of this study, we carried out precise dimensioning to define the various geometric and electrical parameters necessary for optimal design of a microtransformer. Stacked planar transformers represent a significant technological advance in electromagnetic devices. This thesis focuses on analyzing the magnetothermal behavior of these transformers, combining the magnetic and thermal effects associated with their operation. The study examines the magnetic performance, taking into account losses in the laminated magnetic cores, as well as Joule effect losses in the windings. Special attention was paid to the internal heating of the microtransformer due to loss dissipation, which can alter its magnetic properties and reduce its overall performance. In parallel, the study included a detailed thermodynamic analysis to understand the temperature distribution throughout the device. This analysis considered heat transfer processes through conduction through solid materials, as well as through convection at contacts with the external environment. These phenomena were studied at steady state, i.e. considering stable thermal conditions after a certain period of operation. The results provide valuable information for optimizing the thermal design of a microtransformer to ensure its long-term reliability and performance. The methodology is based on multiphysics modeling and numerical simulation to predict thermal and magnetic behavior under different operating conditions. The results show that the choice of materials, stack geometry and heat dissipation techniques play a key role in designing more efficient and durable transformers. This work paves the way for optimization in the areas of power electronics and high-frequency applications.
Keywords: Flyback converter, microtransformer, passive components, magnetothermal
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.28
Authors: Tadeusz Kaczorek
Abstract: The classical definition of angles between steady-state values of voltages and currents in electrical circuits with constant values of resistance, inductance and capacitance will be extended to transients of voltages and currents. Theses will be demonstrated on simple electrical circuits with fixed values of resistance, inductance and capacitance. It will be shown that angles depend on the position of resistance, inductance and capacitance of electric circuits.
Keywords: Angle, transients, linear, electric circuit.
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.29
Authors: Abdelha Benheniche, Farid Berrezzek, Fouad Zebiri, Nadjib Essounbouli, Ziyad Bouchama
Abstract: This study presents an induction motor control method that combines a nonlinear observer, based on the circle criterion, with integer backstepping control (IBC). This approach handles nonlinearities better than traditional methods. With Lyapunov theory, system stability is assured. Integral operation increases the controller's robustness to uncertainties and disturbances. Three goals are achieved: trajectory tracking, disturbance rejection and steady-state stability. Simulations show effectiveness under various conditions.
Keywords: Induction motor, circle criterion, integral backstepping control, lapun stability
Download PDFDOI: 10.15199/48.2025.06.30
Authors: Muhammad Chughtai
Abstract: The sensitivity of semiconductor laser diodes to changes in ambient temperature has earned them a bad reputation. The output light power of a laser diode deteriorates rapidly when its threshold current increases in response to an increase in the case temperature. As a result, the temperature of the diode must be stabilized. A number of strategies can be used in this regard; however, for the task at hand, an active cooling strategy using a temperature compensation technique was employed. A detailed circuit design for maintaining the temperature of the diode is presented. Experimental results before and after implementation of the circuit are presented. A significant improvement in output light power was achieved. This article presents the results of a significant increase in output light power stability as a result of temperature stabilization.
Keywords: Electronics, laser power, temperature stability.
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